A lokacin samar da yaduwar samar da baƙar fata, samfurin ya yi fama da ingantattun canje-canje, ƙirar launi na musamman, ƙanshi, da ɗanɗano halayen baƙar fata.

Withiter

Withitershine farkon tsari a cikin yin baƙar fata. A karkashin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, sabo ganye suna yada bakin ciki na tsawon lokaci, galibi saboda fitar ruwa. Kamar yadda ke waye lokaci mai tsaka-tsaki, da kai bazarar abubuwa a cikin sabo sannu a hankali yana karfafa gwiwa. Tare da ci gaba da asarar sabo ne sabo ganye danshi, a hankali ganyayyaki a hankali ya yi girgiza kai, yanayin launi na ganye da kuma musanya. Wannan tsari ana kiranta witeri.

Tsarin withering ya shafi duka canje-canje na zahiri da sunadarai a lokacin witeri. Wadannan canje-canjen guda biyu an canza su da hanawa. Canje-canje na jiki na iya inganta canje-canje na sinadarai, hana canje-canje na sunadarai, har ma da shafar samfuran canje-canje na sunadarai.

A akasin haka, canje-canjen sunadarai suma suna shafar ci gaban canje-canje na zahiri. Canje-canje, ci gaba, da tasiri juna tsakanin su biyun sun bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin waje kamar zafi. Don sanin digiri na withering da biyan bukatun ingancin shayi, dole ne a dauki matakan fasaha masu ma'ana.

1. Canjewar jiki na withitering

Asarar sabo ne ganye danshi shine babban bangare na canje-canje na jiki a cikin warke. A karkashin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, cikin al'ada na lalata na al'ada a cikin sakamako na wucin gadi a cikin "azumi, jinkirin" sabo ne sabo ganye wilting da rasa ruwa. A cikin farko mataki, ruwa kyauta a cikin ganyayyaki yana fitar da sauri; A cikin mataki na biyu, yayin bazuwar ciki na abubuwan ciki da watsawa na kara da ganye a cikin ganyayyaki, da ruwa ya rage; A mataki na uku, ruwa da abubuwan ciki sukan kaya daga tushe zuwa ganyayyaki sha da ruwa, da kuma m ruwa hadin gwiwar Colloid ya sake fitarwa. Idan yanayin ba mahaukaci bane ko na wucin gadi ba shi da tsayayye, saurin shayar da sandar ganye a lokacin witer. Wahili Fasaha shine ikon wucin gadi na tsarin aiwatar da kayan maye na danshi ganye danshi.

Yawancin ruwa a cikin ganyayyaki masu bushe ta bushe ta hanyar ganyayyaki a bayan ganyayyaki, yayin da wani yanki na ruwan ya bushe ta hanyar legingmis. Sabili da haka, da aka fitar da ruwa na sabo ne ruwan ganye ba kawai ta hanyar yanayin waje ba, amma kuma ta tsarin ganyayyaki kansu. Matsayi na keratarin da aka tsufa yana da girma, yana da wahala ga ruwa zuwa dischipate, yayin da matsayin Keratarin matasa ya ragu, yana sauƙaƙa ruwa don diskipate.
A cewar bincike, fiye da rabin ruwan a cikin ganyayyaki matasa sun bushe ta hanyar da aka lalata abinci a cikin satar kudi da ganye rasa ruwa a cikin sauri. Gano ya ƙunshi ƙarin ruwa fiye da ganye, amma kawar da ruwa daga tushe yana da hankali kuma wasu daga ciki ke sharewa da su ta hanyar tafi da ganye.

Kamar yadda danshi ke cikin ganyayyaki bushe-bushe na rage, sel ganye rasa su jijiyoyin kumbura, taro na ganye ya zama mai laushi, da kuma yankin ganye yana raguwa. Youngerarshen ganye, mafi girman raguwa a yankin ganye. A cewar bayanan manskaya (Table 8-1), bayan witeri na 12 hours, ganye na farko shrinks da 58% na biyu, da kuma ganye na uku, da kuma ganye na uku. Wannan yana da alaƙa da tsarin ƙwayar jikinsu daban-daban na ganye tare da digiri daban-daban na taushi. Idan witafi ya ci gaba, abin da ke cikin ruwa ya ragu zuwa wani gwargwado, kuma ya canza ingancin ganyen ganye da gefuna da ganye ya zama mai wahala da kuma ganyayyaki su zama da wahala da gefuna.

Bambanci a cikin asarar ruwa tsakanin buds da ganyayyaki suna haifar da wakoki mara kyau. Akwai yanayi guda biyu: ɗaya shine saboda ƙarancin ɗimbin sabo ganye, wanda ya haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin taushi a tsakanin buds da ganye, wanda ba zai iya inganta ingancin shayi ba. Ana iya ɗaukar matakan ganye na ganye don shawo kan wannan. Abu na biyu, ko da da taushi iri ɗaya ne, yana iya zama bambance-bambance tsakanin sassa daban-daban na buds, ganye, da mai tushe. A takaice, digiri na rashin ruwa yana da dangi, da kuma rashin daidaituwa yana da cikakken.

Canjin danshi na danshi ganye alama alama ce ta asarar ramuwar ruwa da aka haifar da jerinTayi na wakaYanayin fasaha kamar zazzabi, ganye yada kauri, lokaci, da kewaya iska.

2. Wakily yanayi

All technical measures taken during withering are aimed at achieving uniform and moderate physical and chemical changes in withered leaves to meet the conditions required for fermentation. Yanayin waje wanda zai shafi ingancin ganyayyaki masu ƙanshi da farko daga ɗumbin ruwa, to, tasirin zafin jiki, kuma a ƙarshe tsawon lokaci. Daga cikin su, zazzabi yana da tasiri mafi mahimmanci a kan ingancin ganye.

A.water Earporation

Mataki na farko a cikin witheri shine kwararar ruwa, kuma fitarwar ruwa tana da alaƙa da ɗan dangi na iska. Tsarin iska mai ƙarfi yana haifar da saurin tashin hankali na danshi daga ganyayyaki; Idan iska mai zafi tana da girma, taɓarɓare danshi zai yi jinkiri. Sakamakon fitar da ruwa na ruwa shine samuwar wani cikakken Layer na ruwa tururuwa a saman ganye.

Idan iska mai rauni ce, wato, akwai ƙarin tururi mai ruwa da za a iya ƙunsar a cikin iska, da canjin ruwa a kan ganyayyaki, kuma canje-canje na zahiri na ganyayyaki zai ci gaba da sauri. Tabbas, Jiran tururi na ruwa a cikin iska yana da alaƙa da yawan zafin jiki na iska. A mafi girma zafin jiki, mafi yawan ruwa tururuwa cirewa iska yana fama, yana da wahala a samar da yanayin cike da tururuwa a saman ganye.
Saboda haka, tare da adadin adadin tururuwa iri ɗaya a cikin iska, idan yawan zafin jiki yayi tsayi, dangi dangi zai zama ƙasa; Lokacin da zazzabi yayi ƙasa, yanayin dangi yana da yawa. Don haka babban zazzabi zai hanzarta fitar da ruwa.

Samun iska muhimmin yanayi ne ga al'ada warke. Idan aka hatimin warkewar warke, kuma ba a san iska ta bushe ba, ƙarancin dangi na iska yana kara hanzarta a cikin ganyen danshi a cikin busassun ganye. Kamar yadda warkewar lokaci prolongs, yawan tururuwa na ruwa a cikin iska yana ƙaruwa, da yanayin sunadarai da ke hanzarta da daidaitawa, yana haifar da Canje-canje na sunadarai na warkewar ruwa, kuma a cikin lokuta masu rauni, sake buɗe ganyayyaki na iya faruwa.

Don haka, cikin gidaTayin ya bar bushe, musamman yadda ke fama da canzawa, dole ne ya kasance tare da wani adadin iska. Airwar da ke gudana yana busawa a cikin sandar ganye, yana ɗauke da ruwa mai ɗorewa a kan ganyayyaki, yana ƙara haɓaka ɗorawar danshi na ganye. A fitar ruwa daga ganyayyaki masu bushe suna buƙatar sha kowane adadin adadin zafi, wanda ya rage karuwar yawan zafin rana. Mafi girma girma na iska, da sauri dazuzzukan ruwa, da sannu da hankali tasirin zafin ganye, da kuma sannu da sannu a hankali canje-canje a cikin ganyayyaki masu bushe.

Don shawo kan tasirin yanayin yanayi a kan wutsiyar wucin gadi ana amfani dashi sosai a samarwa, kamar injunan wititer, da sauransu, duk waɗanda ke sanye da kayan iska masu zafi kuma suna iya daidaita zafin jiki da girma. Sama mai girma na warkewar wrihoug ya dogara da ka'idar rashin hurawa "a cikin ganye da aka warwatse.

In ba haka ba, iska za ta maida hankali ta hanyar "ramuka" a cikin ganye na, haifar da karuwa cikin matsin iska da watsa buds da ganye a kusa da busassun gado. Yawan iska yana da alaƙa da ikon iska na ruwa. Idan iska ta mamaye Layer Layer yana da kyau, ƙarar iska na iya zama mafi girma, da kuma akasin haka, ya kamata ƙarami. Idan sabo ne ganye ne mai taushi, buds da ganye ƙanana ne, Layer na farfajiya ne, kuma numfashin numfashi ba shi da kyau; Girman numfashi na ganye a wani daga baya na witheri shima ya kamata ya zama karami. Girman iska ya karami, kuma zazzabi dole ya ragu gwargwado. Ka'idar Witeriged aiki shine don fara ƙaruwa da iska sannan rage shi, da kuma farkon ƙara yawan zafin jiki sannan a rage shi. Sabili da haka, akwai wasu buƙatu don ruwan rijiyar bushe na withering na withering, wanda gaba ɗaya bai kamata wuce 15-20 cm. A lokaci guda, don cimma daidaito na ganye a babba da ƙananan sassan ganye Layer, hade hannu ma ya zama dole a lokacin witeri.

b.yinging zazzabi

Zazzabi shine babban yanayi don witering. A lokacin aiwatar da waka, masanin ilimin likitanci na sabo ganye suna da alaƙa da zazzabi. Tare da karuwar zazzabi, zazzabi ganyayyaki yana ƙaruwa cikin hanzari, ƙarancin ruwa yana ƙaruwa, withering lokacin gajarta, da kuma aiwatar da canje-canje na jiki da na sunadarai. Idan yawan zafin jiki ya yi yawa sosai, zai haifar da haɓakar canje-canje na sunadarai a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin ganyayyaki. Sabili da haka, yana da kyau a sarrafa zafin jiki na ƙasa da 35 ℃ A lokacin witer, zai fi dacewa 30,-32 ℃, kamar yadda zazzabi mai girma na manyan ganye da ƙona tukwici.

Zazzabi withaƙƙarfan zafin yana shafar ayyukan enzynous a cikin ganyayyaki masu ƙanshi, wanda kuma ya shafi adadin abubuwan da ke ƙunshe da abubuwan da ke ciki. Ban da tushe acid, sauran mahadi suna da ɗan bambancin a cikin kewayon 23-33 ℃. Lokacin da zazzabi ya tashi sama da 33 ℃, abubuwan da ke cikin manyan mahimman mahimman mahimmi sannu a hankali suna raguwa tare da karuwar zazzabi, wanda ba zai iya samar da ingancin ganyayyaki ba.

Zazzabi da girma na iska suna da alaƙa da canje-canje na jiki da sunadarai na witeri da canje-canje na sunadarai, da mafi mahimmancin hulɗa, da mafi mahimmancin hulɗa tsakanin sama da canje-canje na jiki. Ta hanyar daidaita zafin jiki da kuma yawan iska, da ci gaban cigaban canje-canje a ganyen wilting ana iya sarrafawa. Yana da kyau a ƙarfafa ka'idodin aikin "ƙara yawan iska da farko sannan kuma an rage shi" da kuma ragewa da farko sannan kuma ragewa. Mastering wani adadin lokacin na iya cimma matakin da ake so.

3.

Tasirin warin da ke cikin masifa a kan canje-canjen ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na busassun ganye ya bambanta saboda yanayi daban-daban kamar yawan zafin jiki da ganye yada kauri. A tsakanin lokaci guda, nauyin asarar nauyi na ganye ya bambanta da daban-daban yanayi, da kuma tasirin canje-canje da ingancinsu ma sun banbanta.