A lokacin farkon samar da shayi na shayi, samfurin yana fuskantar jerin sauye-sauye masu rikitarwa, yana samar da launi na musamman, ƙamshi, dandano, da halayen ingancin siffar baƙar fata.

Karyewa

Karyewashine tsari na farko wajen yin baki shayi. A ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, sabbin ganye suna bazuwa siriri na ɗan lokaci, galibi saboda ƙawancewar ruwa. Yayin da lokacin bushewa ya tsawaita, bazuwar abubuwan da ke cikin sabbin ganye suna ƙarfafa sannu a hankali. Tare da ci gaba da asarar ɗanɗanon ganyen ganye, ganyen suna raguwa a hankali, yanayin ganyen yana canzawa daga wuya zuwa laushi, launin ganye yana canzawa daga koren sabo zuwa kore mai duhu, ingancin ciki da ƙamshi kuma suna canzawa. Ana kiran wannan tsari bushewa.

Tsarin bushewa ya ƙunshi canje-canje na jiki da na sinadarai yayin bushewa. Waɗannan canje-canje guda biyu suna da alaƙa da juna kuma suna takurawa juna. Canje-canjen jiki na iya haɓaka canje-canjen sinadarai, hana canje-canjen sinadarai, har ma suna shafar samfuran canjin sinadarai.

Akasin haka, canjin sinadarai kuma yana shafar ci gaban canje-canjen jiki. Canje-canje, haɓakawa, da tasirin juna tsakanin su biyun sun bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin waje kamar zafin jiki da zafi. Don ƙwarewar digiri na bushewa da saduwa da buƙatun ingancin shayi, dole ne a ɗauki matakan fasaha masu ma'ana.

1. Canjin jiki na bushewa

Asarar danshin ganye shine babban yanayin canje-canjen jiki a bushewa. A ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, bushewar ɗabi'a na cikin gida ƙarƙashin ikon wucin gadi yana haifar da tsarin "sauri, jinkirin, sauri" na sabbin ganye yana bushewa da rasa ruwa. A mataki na farko, ruwa kyauta a cikin ganye yana ƙafe da sauri; A mataki na biyu, a lokacin da kai bazuwar abubuwa na ciki da kuma tarwatsa leaf kara ruwa ga ganye, ruwa evaporation rage gudu; A mataki na uku, ruwa da abubuwan ciki da ake jigilar su daga tushe zuwa ga ganye suna juyewa da kansu don samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa, da kuma wani ruwa mai ɗaure wanda aka saki ta colloid solidification, kuma evaporation yana sake haɓakawa. Idan yanayi mara kyau ne ko sarrafa wucin gadi ba shi da tsauri, saurin ƙafewar ruwan ganye a lokacin bushewa bazai tabbata ba. Ƙwaƙwalwar fasaha shine ikon wucin gadi na tsarin ƙafewar danshin ganye.

Yawancin ruwan da ke cikin bushes ɗin ganye yana ƙafewa ta cikin stomata da ke bayan ganyen, yayin da wani yanki na ruwan ke ƙafewa ta cikin leaf epidermis. Sabili da haka, ƙimar ƙawancen ruwan ganye ba wai kawai ya rinjayi yanayin waje ba, har ma da tsarin ganyen kansu. Matsayin keratinization na tsofaffin ganye yana da girma, yana da wuya ga ruwa ya ɓata, yayin da matakin keratinization na ƙananan ganye yana da ƙasa, yana sauƙaƙa ruwa don watsawa.
Kamar yadda bincike ya nuna, fiye da rabin ruwan da ke cikin ganyayen matasa suna ƙafewa ta hanyar da ba a taɓa yin gyare-gyaren cuticle ba, don haka tsofaffin ganye suna rasa ruwa a hankali kuma ganyen suna rasa ruwa cikin sauri. Tushen ya ƙunshi ruwa da yawa fiye da ganye, amma ƙawancewar ruwa daga tushen yana da sauƙi kuma wasu yana ƙafewa ta hanyar kai ga ganye.

Yayin da danshi na busheshen ganye ya ragu, ƙwayoyin ganye suna rasa yanayin kumbura, yawan ganyen ya zama mai laushi, kuma yankin ganye yana raguwa. Ƙananan ganye, mafi girma raguwa a yankin ganye. Dangane da bayanan Manskaya (Table 8-1), bayan bushewa na tsawon sa'o'i 12, ganyen farko yana raguwa da kashi 68%, ganyen na biyu yana raguwa da kashi 58%, ganye na uku yana raguwa da kashi 28%. Wannan yana da alaƙa da sifofi daban-daban na salon salula na ganye tare da digiri daban-daban na taushi. Idan ya ci gaba da bushewa, abin da ke cikin ruwa yana raguwa zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, kuma ingancin ganye yana canzawa daga laushi zuwa wuya da raguwa, musamman ma tukwici da gefuna na buds da ganye suna da wuya kuma suna raguwa.

Bambanci a cikin asarar ruwa tsakanin buds da ganye yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Akwai yanayi guda biyu: daya ya faru ne saboda rashin kyawun tsinken ganyen ganye, wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin taushi tsakanin buds da ganyaye, wanda ba shi da amfani don inganta ingancin shayi. Ana iya ɗaukar matakan tantance ganye don shawo kan wannan. Na biyu, ko da tausasawa iri ɗaya ne, ana iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin sassa daban-daban na buds, ganye, da mai tushe. A takaice, matakin rashin ruwa yana da alaƙa, kuma rashin daidaituwa cikakke ne.

Canjin damshin abun ciki na busheshen ganye alama ce ta asarar tarwatsewar ruwa ta hanyar jerinshayi witheringyanayi na fasaha kamar zafin jiki, kauri mai yada ganye, lokaci, da kewayar iska.

2. Yanayin bushewa

Duk matakan fasaha da aka ɗauka yayin bushewa suna da nufin cimma daidaituwa da matsakaicin sauye-sauye na jiki da sinadarai a bushesshen ganye don saduwa da yanayin da ake buƙata don fermentation. Yanayin waje wanda ke shafar ingancin ganyen bushewa shine farkon ƙawancen ruwa, sannan tasirin zafin jiki, kuma a ƙarshe tsawon lokaci. Daga cikin su, zafin jiki yana da tasiri mafi mahimmanci akan ingancin ganye masu ƙura.

a. Tushen ruwa

Mataki na farko na bushewa shine zubar da ruwa, kuma fitar da ruwa yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da yanayin zafi na iska. Ƙananan zafi na iska yana haifar da saurin ƙafewar danshi daga bushesshen ganye; Idan zafin iska ya yi girma, ƙawancen danshi zai yi jinkiri. Sakamakon fitar da ruwan wilting shine samuwar tururin ruwa cikakke akan saman ganyen.

Idan zafin iska ya yi ƙasa, wato, akwai ƙarin tururin ruwa da za a iya ƙunsa a cikin iska, kuma tururin ruwan da ke kan ganyen zai iya yaduwa cikin sauri cikin iska, ba za a sami yanayin jikewar ganyen ba, kuma canje-canjen jiki na busheshen ganye zai ci gaba da sauri. Tabbas, jikewar tururin ruwa a cikin iska yana da alaƙa da yanayin zafi na iska. Mafi girman zafin jiki, yawan tururin ruwa iska yana sha, yana sa da wuya a samar da cikakken yanayin tururi a saman ganye.
Sabili da haka, tare da adadin yawan tururin ruwa a cikin iska, idan zafin jiki ya yi girma, yanayin zafi zai zama ƙasa; Lokacin da zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa, yanayin zafi yana da girma. Don haka yawan zafin jiki zai hanzarta fitar da ruwa.

Samun iska wani yanayi ne mai mahimmanci don bushewar al'ada. Idan ɗakin da ke bushewa yana rufe kuma ba a sami iska ba, a lokacin farkon matakin dumama bushewa, ƙarancin dangi na iska yana haɓaka vaporization na danshi a cikin bushes ganye. Yayin da lokacin bushewa ya tsawaita, yawan tururin ruwa a cikin iska yana ƙaruwa, yanayin zafi yana ƙaruwa, haɓakar vaporization da liquefaction na ruwa a hankali ya kai ga ma'auni, yanayin zafin ganye yana ƙaruwa sosai, haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yana ƙaruwa, aikin enzymes yana ƙarfafawa, canje-canjen sinadarai suna hanzari, kuma bazuwar kai da canje-canjen oxidation na abun ciki suna canzawa daga jinkirin zuwa mai ƙarfi, yana haifar da canje-canjen sinadarai na bushewa tare da haɓakawa. tabarbarewar hanya, kuma a lokuta masu tsanani, jajayen launin ja na busheshen ganye na iya faruwa.

Don haka, na cikin gidaganyen shayi yana bushewa, musamman dumama bushewa, dole ne ya kasance tare da wani adadin iska. Iskar da ke gudana tana kadawa ta cikin busasshiyar ganyen ganye, tana ɗauke da tururin ruwan da ke saman ganyen, ta samar da yanayi mara ƙarancin zafi a kewayen ganyen, wanda hakan ke ƙara hanzarta fitar da danshin ganyen. Tushen ruwa daga bushesshen ganye yana buƙatar ɗaukar wani adadin zafi, wanda ke rage saurin haɓakar zafin ganye. Girman girman iskar, da saurin fitar da ruwa, da saurin hawan zafin ganye, kuma sannu a hankali sinadarai suna canzawa a bushesshen ganye.

Don shawo kan tasirin yanayi na yanayi akan bushewa, ana amfani da kayan aikin wucin gadi sosai wajen samarwa, kamar injinan bushewa, tankuna masu bushewa, da sauransu, duk waɗanda aka sanye su da injin samar da iska mai zafi kuma suna iya daidaita yanayin zafi da iska. Adadin iska na tudun bushewa gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan ƙa'idar rashin busa "ramuka" a cikin tarwatsewar leaf ɗin.

In ba haka ba, iska za ta mayar da hankali ta hanyar "ramuka" a cikin leaf leaf, haifar da karuwa a cikin iska da kuma watsar da buds da ganye a kusa da bushewa gado. Ƙarfin iska yana da alaƙa da kusanci da iskar daɗaɗɗen ruwan ruwa. Idan haɓakar iska na Layer na ruwa yana da kyau, girman iska zai iya zama mafi girma, kuma akasin haka, ya kamata ya zama ƙarami. Idan sabo ne ganye suna da taushi, buds da ganye suna ƙanana, ganyen ganye yana da ƙarfi, kuma numfashi ba shi da kyau; Har ila yau, numfashi na ganye a cikin mataki na gaba na bushewa zai ragu, kuma yawan iska ya kamata ya zama karami. Ƙarfin iska yana da ƙananan, kuma dole ne zafin jiki ya ragu daidai. Ka'idar aiki na bushewa shine a fara ƙara yawan iska sannan a rage shi, da farko ƙara yawan zafin jiki sannan a rage shi. Sabili da haka, akwai wasu buƙatu don kauri daga cikin tsagi mai bushewa, wanda gabaɗaya bai kamata ya wuce 15-20 cm ba. A lokaci guda, don cimma daidaitaccen bushewar ganye a cikin manyan sassan saman da ƙananan sassan leaf ɗin, haɗuwa da hannu shima wajibi ne yayin bushewa.

b.Yawan zafin jiki

Zazzabi shine babban yanayin bushewa. Lokacin bushewa, canje-canjen physicochemical na sabbin ganye suna da alaƙa da yanayin zafi. Tare da haɓakar zafin jiki, zafin jiki na ganye yana ƙaruwa da sauri, ƙawancen ruwa yana ƙaruwa, lokacin bushewa yana raguwa, kuma tsarin canje-canjen jiki da sinadarai yana haɓaka. Idan yanayin zafi ya yi yawa, zai haifar da haɓakar canje-canjen sinadarai a cikin abin da ke cikin busheshen ganye. Sabili da haka, yana da kyau a sarrafa zafin iska da ke ƙasa da 35 ℃ yayin bushewa, zai fi dacewa 30-32 ℃, musamman ga sabbin ganyen manyan nau'ikan ganye, saboda yawan zafin jiki na ganye na iya haifar da busassun busassun harbe da ƙonewa.

Zazzaɓi mai bushewa yana rinjayar canje-canjen ayyukan enzymes na endogenous a cikin bushesshen ganye, wanda hakan ke shafar ƙimar amsawar sinadarai na abubuwan da ke ƙunshe. Ban da tushen acid, sauran mahadi suna da ɗan bambanci tsakanin kewayon 23-33 ℃. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi sama da 33 ℃, abun ciki na babban mahadi a hankali yana raguwa tare da haɓakar zafin jiki, wanda ba shi da kyau ga ingancin bushes ganye.

Yanayin zafin jiki da ƙarar iska suna da alaƙa da sauye-sauye na jiki da na sinadarai na bushewa, tare da mafi girman alaƙa tsakanin zafin jiki da canje-canjen sinadarai, da babban alaƙa tsakanin ƙarar iska da canje-canjen jiki. Ta hanyar daidaita yanayin zafi da ƙarar iska, ana iya sarrafa ƙimar ci gaban sauye-sauyen physicochemical a cikin ganyen wilting. Yana da kyau a yi amfani da ka'idar aiki na "ƙara girman iska da farko sannan kuma ragewa" da "ƙara zafin jiki da farko sannan kuma ragewa". Kwarewar ɗan lokaci na iya cimma matakin da ake so.

3. Lokacin bushewa

Tasirin lokacin bushewa akan canje-canjen physicochemical na busheshen ganye ya bambanta saboda yanayi daban-daban kamar zafin jiki da yada kauri. A cikin lokaci guda, yawan asarar ganyayen bushewar ya bambanta da yanayin zafi daban-daban, kuma tasirin canjin sinadarai da ingancin su ma ya bambanta.