Ukusekela i-Scroll.in Izindaba zakho zokusekela: I-India idinga imidiya ezimele kanye nemidiya ezimele iyakudinga.
“Ungenzani ngama-rupee angu-200 namuhla?” kubuza u-Joshua Gurung, oqoka itiye endaweni yetiye ye-CD Block Ging e-Pulbazar, e-Darjeeling, ohola ama-Rs 232 ngosuku. Uthe imali yendlela eyodwa emotweni ehlanganyelwe ngama-rupees angama-400 ukuya eSiliguri, amakhilomitha angama-60 ukusuka eDarjeeling, kanye nedolobha elikhulu eliseduze lapho abasebenzi belashelwa khona ukugula okubi.
Leli iqiniso lamashumi ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi emasimini etiye eNyakatho Bengal, okungaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-50 kubo abesifazane. Ukubika kwethu eDarjeeling kwabonisa ukuthi babeholelwa amaholo amancane, beboshelwe isimiso somsebenzi wamakoloni, bengenawo amalungelo omhlaba, futhi babenokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni.
"Izimo zokusebenza ezinzima nezimo zokuphila ezingenabuntu zabasebenzi betiye zisikhumbuza umsebenzi owenziwe abanikazi bamasimu aseBrithani ngezikhathi zamakholoni," kusho umbiko wekomidi elimile lePhalamende lango-2022.
Abasebenzi bazama ukuthuthukisa impilo yabo, bathi, futhi ochwepheshe bayavumelana. Izisebenzi eziningi ziqeqesha izingane zazo futhi zizithumela emsebenzini emasimini. Sithole ukuthi bebelwela nokukhushulelwa amaholo amancane kanye nobunikazi bomhlaba bomuzi wabokhokho.
Kodwa izimpilo zabo ezivele ziyingozi zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yesimo semboni yetiye yase-Darjeeling ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuncintisana kwetiye elishibhile, ukwehla kwezimakethe zomhlaba kanye nokwehla kokukhiqizwa kanye nesidingo sokuthi sichaze kulezi zihloko ezimbili. Isihloko sokuqala siyingxenye yochungechunge. Ingxenye yesibili neyokugcina izogxila esimweni sabasebenzi basemasimini etiye.
Kusukela kwashaywa uMthetho Wokuguqulwa Komhlaba ngo-1955, indawo yokutshala itiye eNyakatho Bengal ayinaso itayitela kodwa iyaqashiswa. Uhulumeni wezwe.
Izizukulwane ngezizukulwane, abasebenzi betiye bakhe amakhaya abo emhlabeni wamahhala emasimini ezindaweni zaseDarjeeling, Duars naseTerai.
Yize zingekho izibalo ezisemthethweni zeTea Board of India, ngokombiko we-West Bengal Labor Council wango-2013, inani labantu emasimini amakhulu etiye e-Darjeeling Hills, eTerai nase-Durs laliyi-11,24,907, okuyizi-2,62,426. bebengabahlali ngokugcwele ngisho nangaphezu kuka-70,000+ abasebenzi betoho nabenkontileka.
Njengensalela yesikhathi esidlule sobukoloni, abanikazi bakwenza kube isibopho ngemindeni ehlala endaweni ukuthi ithumele okungenani ilungu elilodwa ukuthi liyosebenza engadini yetiye noma izolahlekelwa ikhaya layo. Abasebenzi abanalo itayitela lomhlaba, yingakho lingekho itayitela elibizwa nge-parja-patta.
Ngokocwaningo olunesihloko esithi “Ukuxhashazwa Kwabasebenzi Emasimini Etiye aseDarjeeling” olwanyatheliswa ngo-2021, njengoba ukuqashwa unomphela emasimini etiye eNyakatho Bengal kungatholakala kuphela ngokuzalana, imakethe yezabasebenzi yamahhala nevulekile ayikaze yenzeke, okuholela ekutheni ukusebenza kwezigqila emazweni ngamazwe. Ijenali Yokuphathwa Kwezomthetho Nobuntu. ”
Abaqoki okwamanje bakhokhelwa ama-Rs 232 ngosuku. Ngemva kokukhipha imali eya esikhwameni sokulondoloza abasebenzi, abasebenzi bathola imali elinganiselwa ku-200, abathi ayenele ukuziphilisa futhi ayihambisani nomsebenzi abawenzayo.
Ngokuka-Mohan Chirimar, uMqondisi Ophethe we-Singtom Tea Estate, izinga lokulova kwabasebenzi betiye eNyakatho Bengal lingaphezu kwama-40%. "Cishe isigamu sabasebenzi basengadini asisayi emsebenzini."
"Inani elincane lamahora ayisishiyagalombili lomsebenzi onzima namakhono yisona sizathu esenza abasebenzi basemasimini etiye banciphe nsuku zonke," kusho uSumendra Tamang, isishoshovu samalungelo abasebenzi betiye eNyakatho Bengal. “Kuyinto evamile ukuba abantu beqe umsebenzi emasimini etiye basebenze eMGNREGA [uhlelo lukahulumeni lokuqashwa ezindaweni zasemakhaya] nanoma iyiphi enye indawo lapho amaholo aphezulu khona.”
UJoshila Gurung wasensimini yetiye yaseGing eDarjeeling kanye nozakwabo u-Sunita Biki no-Chandramati Tamang bathi isidingo sabo esikhulu ukukhushulwa kweholo elincane lamasimu etiye.
Ngokosekhula yakamuva ekhishwe yiHhovisi likaKhomishana Wezabasebenzi kuHulumeni WaseNtshonalanga Bengal, umholo omncane wansuku zonke wabasebenzi bezolimo abangenamakhono kufanele ube ama-Rs 284 ngaphandle kokudla kanye nama-Rs 264 ngokudla.
Nokho, amaholo abasebenzi betiye anqunywa umhlangano wezingxenye ezintathu obuhanjelwe ngabamele izinhlangano zabanikazi betiye, izinyunyana kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Izinyunyana bezifuna ukubeka iholo elisha lansuku zonke lama-Rs 240, kodwa ngoJuni uhulumeni waseWest Bengal wamemezela ukuthi lingama-Rs 232.
URakesh Sarki, umqondisi wabaqoki eHappy Valley, indawo yesibili endala yokutshala itiye eDarjeeling, ukhala nangokukhokhelwa kwamaholo okungajwayelekile. “Asikaze sikhokhelwe njalo kusukela ngo-2017. Basinika isamba njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili noma ezintathu. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokubambezeleka okude, futhi kuyafana nangawo wonke amasimu etiye egqumeni.”
“Uma kubhekwa ukwehla kwamandla emali okuqhubekayo kanye nesimo somnotho esijwayelekile eNdiya, kuyinto engacabangeki ukuthi isisebenzi setiye singazondla kanjani sona nomndeni waso ngama-Rs 200 ngosuku,” kusho uDawa Sherpa, ofundela ubudokotela eCentre for Economic Research. Ucwaningo nokuhlela eNdiya. I-Jawaharlal Nehru University, odabuka eKursong. “IDarjeeling ne-Assam banamaholo aphansi abasebenzi betiye. Emasimini etiye eSikkim engumakhelwane, abasebenzi bahola cishe ama-Rs 500 ngosuku. E-Kerala, amaholo osuku adlula ama-Rs 400, ngisho naseTamil Nadu, futhi cishe ama-Rs 350 kuphela.”
Umbiko wangowezi-2022 ovela eKomidini Lephalamende Elimisiwe uphakamise ukuthi kuqaliswe ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho emincane yamaholo abasebenzi basemasimini etiye, wathi amaholo osuku emasimini etiye aseDarjeeling “angenye yamaholo aphansi kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isisebenzi sezimboni ezweni”.
Amaholo aphansi futhi awavikelekile, yingakho izinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezinjengoRakesh noJoshira zingakhuthazi izingane zabo ekusebenzeni emasimini etiye. “Sisebenza kanzima ukufundisa izingane zethu. Akuyona imfundo engcono kakhulu, kodwa okungenani bayakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Kungani kufanele baphule amathambo ukuze bathole umsebenzi oholela kancane emasimini etiye,” kusho uJoshira, indodana yakhe engumpheki eBangalore. Ukholelwa ukuthi abasebenzi betiye sebexhashazwe izizukulwane ngezizukulwane ngenxa yokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. "Izingane zethu kumele ziphule iketango."
Ngaphezu kwamaholo, izisebenzi zasengadini yetiye zinelungelo lokubekela eceleni izimali, izimpesheni, izindlu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwamahhala, imfundo yamahhala yezingane zabo, izinkulisa zezisebenzi zabesifazane, uphethiloli nezinto zokuzivikela ezifana namaphinifa, izambulela, amajazi emvula namabhuzu aphakeme. Ngokwalo mbiko ohamba phambili, iholo lonke lalaba basebenzi lilinganiselwa ku-R350 ngosuku. Abaqashi futhi kudingeka bakhokhe amabhonasi omkhosi waminyaka yonke we-Durga Puja.
IDarjeeling Organic Tea Estates Private Limited, owayengumnikazi wezindawo okungenani eziyi-10 eNyakatho Bengal, okuhlanganisa neHappy Valley, ithengise izivande zayo ngoSepthemba, yashiya abasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-6,500 bengenawo amaholo, imali ebekelwe yona, amathiphu namabhonasi e-puja.
Ngo-Okthoba, i-Darjeeling Organic Tea Plantation Sdn Bhd yagcina ithengise amasimu ayo etiye ayisithupha kwangu-10. “Abanikazi abasha abakazikhokheli zonke izimfanelo zethu. Amaholo namanje awakakhokhwa futhi sekukhokhelwe ibhonasi yePujo kuphela,” kusho uSarkey kaHappy Valley ngoNovemba.
USobhadebi Tamang uthe isimo samanje siyefana nesePeshok Tea Garden ngaphansi komnikazi omusha iSilicon Agriculture Tea Company. “Umama usethathe umhlalaphansi, kodwa i-CPF namathiphu akhe kusabalulekile. Abaphathi abasha bazibophezele ekukhokheleni zonke izinkokhelo zethu ngezitolimende ezintathu ngoJulayi 31 [2023]. "
Umphathi wakhe, uPesang Norbu Tamang, uthe abanikazi abasha bebengakazinzi futhi bazozikhokhela maduze, wengeza ngokuthi imali kaPujo ikhokhelwe ngesikhathi. Uzakwabo kaSobhadebi uSushila Rai akapholisanga maseko ukuphendula. “Abazange basikhokhe ngendlela efanele.”
“Imali ebesiyihola nsuku zonke ibingu-R202, kodwa uhulumeni wayinyusa yafinyelela ku-R232. Yize abanikazi baziswa ngokunyuswa kwemali ngoJuni kodwa sifanelwe wukuthola amaholo amasha kusukela ngoJanuwari,” usho kanje. “Umnikazi akakakhokhi.”
Ngokocwaningo lwango-2021 olwanyatheliswa kuyi-International Journal of Legal Management and the Humanities, abaphathi bamapulazi etiye bavame ukusebenzisa izikhali ngobuhlungu obubangelwa ukuvalwa kwamasimu etiye, besabisa izisebenzi lapho befuna iholo elilindelekile noma ukukhushulelwa. "Lokhu kusatshiswa ngokuvalwa kwenza isimo sivune abaphathi futhi abasebenzi kumele basithobele."
"Abenzi betimu abakaze bathole izimali zangempela ezigciniwe kanye namathiphu ... ngisho nalapho [abanikazi] bephoqeleka ukuthi benze kanjalo, bahlale beholelwa imali encane kunaleyo etholwa abasebenzi ngesikhathi begqilazwe," kusho isishoshovu uTamang.
Ubunini bomhlaba babasebenzi wudaba oluyingxabano phakathi kwabanikazi bamasimu etiye nabasebenzi. Abanikazi balezi zindlu bathi abantu bagcina imizi yabo emasimini etiye noma bengasebenzi emasimini, izisebenzi zithi kufanele zinikezwe amalungelo omhlaba ngoba imindeni yabo ihlezi ihlala emasimini.
UChirimar weSingtom Tea Estate uthe abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-40 baseSingtom Tea Estate abaseyona ingadi. “Abantu baya eSingapore naseDubai beyosebenza, futhi imindeni yabo lapha ijabulela izinzuzo zezindlu zamahhala…Manje uhulumeni kufanele athathe izinyathelo ezinqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imindeni emasimini etiye ithumela okungenani ilungu elilodwa ukuthi liyosebenza engadini. Hambani niyosebenza, asinankinga nalokho.”
I-Unionist Sunil Rai, unobhala ohlanganyele weTerai Dooars Chia Kaman Mazdoor union eDarjeeling, uthe izindawo zetiye azikhiphi "izitifiketi zokuphikisa" kubasebenzi ezibavumela ukuthi bakhe amakhaya abo ezindaweni zetiye. "Kungani beshiye indlu abayakhile?"
U-Rai, ophinde abe ngumkhulumeli we-United Forum (Hills), inyunyana yabasebenzi bamaqembu ezombusazwe amaningana esifundeni sase-Darjeeling naseKalimpong, uthe abasebenzi abanamalungelo omhlaba lapho izindlu zabo zimi khona kanye namalungelo abo e-parja-patta ( isidingo sesikhathi eside semibhalo eqinisekisa ubunikazi bomhlaba) sashaywa indiva.
Ngenxa yokuthi abanawo amatayitela noma izindawo zokuqashisa, abasebenzi abakwazi ukubhalisa izakhiwo zabo nezinhlelo zomshwalense.
UManju Rai, ongumhlanganisi endaweni yetiye yaseTukvar ku-CD Pulbazar quarter yaseDarjeeling, akakayitholi isinxephezelo ngendlu yakhe, elinyazwe kabi ukubhidlika komhlaba. “Indlu engayakha yabhidlika [ngenxa yokudilika kwenhlabathi ngonyaka odlule],” esho, enezela ukuthi izinti zoqalo, izikhwama ezindala zejute kanye noseyili kwasindisa indlu yakhe ekubhidlikeni ngokuphelele. “Anginayo imali yokwakha enye indlu. Womabili amadodana ami asebenza kwezokuthutha. Ngisho nemali abayitholayo ayanele. Noma yiluphi usizo oluvela enkampanini lungaba lukhulu.”
Umbiko weKomidi Elimisiwe LePhalamende wathi lolu hlelo “luyibukela phansi ngokusobala impumelelo yenhlangano yezwe yokubuyiselwa komhlaba ngokuvimbela izisebenzi zetiye ekujabuleleni amalungelo azo ayisisekelo omhlaba naphezu kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yenkululeko.
URai uthi isidingo se-parja patta besilokhu sikhula kusukela ngo-2013. Uthe yize izikhulu ezikhethiwe kanye nosopolitiki kuze kube manje behlise abasebenzi betiye, kufanele okungenani bakhulume ngabasebenzi betiye okwamanje, ephawula ukuthi iLungu lePhalamende laseDarjeeling uRaju Bista yethule umthetho wokuhlinzeka nge-parja patta kubasebenzi betiye.” . Izikhathi ziyashintsha, kodwa kancane.”
UDibyendu Bhattacharya, unobhala ohlanganyelwe woMnyango Wezomhlaba kanye Nezokulima Kwezolimo kanye Nezababaleki, Usizo Nokuvuselelwa, ophethe izindaba zomhlaba eDarjeeling ngaphansi kwehhovisi elifanayo likanobhala womnyango, wenqabile ukukhuluma ngalolu daba. Izingcingo eziphindaphindiwe bezithi: “Angigunyaziwe ukukhuluma nabezindaba.”
Ngokwesicelo sikanobhala, i-imeyili iphinde yathunyelwa kunobhala nohlu lwemibuzo enemininingwane ebuza ukuthi kungani abasebenzi betiye benganikezwanga amalungelo omhlaba. Sizobuyekeza indaba uma ephendula.
URajeshvi Pradhan, umbhali waseRajiv Gandhi National Law University, wabhala ephepheni lango-2021 mayelana nokuxhashazwa: “Ukungabikho kwemakethe yezabasebenzi kanye nokungabikho kwamalungelo omhlaba kubasebenzi akuqinisekisi nje kuphela umsebenzi oshibhile kodwa futhi nezisebenzi eziphoqelelwe. Abasebenzi bensimu yetiye yaseDarjeeling. “Ukuntuleka kwamathuba omsebenzi eduze kwamafa, kuhlangene nokwesaba ukulahlekelwa izindlu zabo, kwandise ubugqila babo.”
Ongoti bathi umnyombo wosizi lwabasebenzi betiye usekusetshenzisweni okungekuhle noma okuntekenteke koMthetho we-Platation Labor ka-1951. Wonke amasimu etiye abhaliswe yi-Tea Board yase-India e-Darjeeling, e-Terai nase-Duars angaphansi koMthetho. Ngakho-ke, bonke abasebenzi abaqashwe ngokugcwele kanye nemindeni kulezi zingadi nabo banelungelo lokuhlomula ngaphansi komthetho.
Ngaphansi kwePlantation Labour Act, 1956, uHulumeni WaseNtshonalanga Bengal wamisa iWest Bengal Plantation Labor Act, 1956 ukuze ushaye uMthetho Ophakathi. Kodwa-ke, uSherpas noTamang bathi cishe zonke izindawo ezinkulu zaseNyakatho Bengal ezingama-449 zingephula kalula imithetho emaphakathi nekahulumeni.
I-Plantation Labor Act ithi “wonke umqashi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlinzeka nokunakekela izindlu ezanele zabo bonke abasebenzi namalungu emindeni yabo ahlala emasimini.” Abanikazi bamasimu etiye bathi umhlaba wamahhala abawunikeza eminyakeni engu-100 edlule uyindawo yabo yokuhlala abasebenzi nemindeni yabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abalimi betiye abasafufusa abangaphezu kuka-150 abanandaba ngisho ne-Plantation Labour Act ka-1951 ngoba basebenza ngaphansi kwamahektha amahlanu ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwawo, kusho uSherpa.
UManju owacekelwa phansi yimizi yakhe ngenxa yokudilika kwenhlabathi, unelungelo lokunxeshezelwa ngaphansi komthetho iPlantation Labour Act ka-1951. “Wafaka izicelo ezimbili, kodwa umnikazi wazo akazange azinake. Lokhu kungagwenywa kalula uma umhlaba wethu uthola i-parja patta,” kusho uRam Subba, umqondisi weTukvar Tea Estate Manju, nabanye abacoshi.
IKomidi Elimisiwe LePhalamende laphawula ukuthi “abakwaDummies babelwela amalungelo abo omhlaba, hhayi nje kuphela okuphila, kodwa ngisho nokungcwaba amalungu emindeni yabo abafileyo.” Ikomidi liphakamisa umthetho “oqaphela amalungelo neziqu zabasebenzi betiye abancane nabancishwe amathuba emazweni nasezinsizeni zokhokho babo.”
Umthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwezitshalo 2018 okhishwe Ibhodi Letiye laseNdiya uncoma ukuthi abasebenzi banikezwe isivikelo sekhanda, amabhuzu, amagilavu, amaphinifa nama-ovaroli ukuze bavikeleke kwizibulala-zinambuzane namanye amakhemikhali afuthwe emasimini.
Abasebenzi bakhala ngezinga nokusebenziseka kwemishini emisha njengoba iguga noma iphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. “Asizange siwathole izibuko ngesikhathi kufanele. Ngisho namaphinifa, amagilavu ​​nezicathulo, bekufanele silwe, sihlale sikhumbuza umphathi, bese umphathi ebambezela njalo ukugunyazwa,” kusho uGurung wakwaJin Tea Plantation. “[Umphathi] wenze sengathi ukhokhela imishini yethu ngephakethe lakhe. Kodwa uma ngelinye ilanga siphutha emsebenzini ngenxa yokuthi singenawo amagilavu ​​noma yini, ubengeke aphuthelwe ukukhipha iholo lethu.” .
UJoshila uthe amagilavu ​​awazivikeli izandla zakhe ephunga elinobuthi lezibulala-zinambuzane azifutha emaqabunga etiye. “Ukudla kwethu kunuka njengezinsuku esifutha ngazo amakhemikhali.” ungasayisebenzisi. Ungakhathazeki, singabalimi. Singadla futhi sigaye noma yini.”
Umbiko we-BEHANBOX wangowezi-2022 wathola ukuthi abesifazane abasebenza emasimini etiye eNyakatho Bengal bachayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi, izibulala-khula kanye nomanyolo ngaphandle kwemishini yokuzivikela efanele, okubangela izinkinga zesikhumba, ukungaboni kahle, ukugula kokuphefumula kanye nokugaya ukudla.