Phakathi nenqubo yokuqala yokukhiqiza itiye elimnyama, umkhiqizo uthola uchungechunge lwezinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi, zakha umbala oyingqayizivele, iphunga, ukunambitheka, kanye nezici zekhwalithi yetiye elimnyama.

Ukubuna

Ukubunakuyinqubo yokuqala ekwenzeni itiye elimnyama. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezivamile, amaqabunga amasha asakazwa abe mncane isikhathi esithile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuhwamuka kwamanzi. Njengoba isikhathi sokubuna siqhubeka, ukubola kwezinto emaqabunga amasha kuyaqina kancane kancane. Ngokulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komswakama wamaqabunga amasha, amaqabunga ayancipha kancane kancane, ukuthungwa kweqabunga kuyashintsha kusuka kunzima kuya ethambile, umbala weqabunga ushintsha kusuka eluhlaza oluhlaza kuya eluhlaza obumnyama, futhi izinga langaphakathi kanye nephunga elimnandi liyashintsha. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukubuna.

Inqubo yokubuna ihilela kokubili izinguquko zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokubuna. Lezi zinguquko ezimbili zihlobene futhi ziyakhawulelana. Izinguquko zomzimba zingakhuthaza izinguquko zamakhemikhali, zivimbele izinguquko zamakhemikhali, futhi zithinte ngisho nemikhiqizo yezinguquko zamakhemikhali.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinguquko zamakhemikhali nazo zithinta inqubekelaphambili yezinguquko zomzimba. Izinguquko, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nomthelela ofanayo phakathi kwalokhu kokubili kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo zangaphandle njengezinga lokushisa nomswakama. Ukuze uqonde izinga lokubuna futhi uhlangabezane nezidingo zekhwalithi yetiye, izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe ezifanele kufanele zithathwe.

1. Izinguquko ezingokomzimba zokubuna

Ukulahlekelwa umswakama weqabunga elisha kuyisici esiyinhloko soshintsho olubonakalayo ekubuneni. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezivamile, ukubuna kwemvelo kwangaphakathi endlini ngaphansi kokulawulwa kokwenziwa kubangela iphethini “esheshayo, ehamba kancane, esheshayo” yamaqabunga amasha abuna futhi alahlekelwe amanzi. Esigabeni sokuqala, amanzi amahhala emaqabunga ayahwamuka ngokushesha; Esigabeni sesibili, ngesikhathi sokubola kwezinto zangaphakathi kanye nokuhlakazwa kwamanzi esiqu samaqabunga emaqabunga, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kunciphisa; Esigabeni sesithathu, amanzi kanye nezinto zangaphakathi ezithuthwa zisuka esiqwini ziye emaqabunga ziyazibola ukuze zakhe amanzi ayingxube, kanye namanzi abophekile akhishwa ukuqiniswa kwe-colloid, futhi ukuhwamuka kuyashesha futhi. Uma isimo sezulu singejwayelekile noma ukulawulwa kokwenziwa akuqinile, isivinini sokuhwamuka kwamanzi amaqabunga amasha ngesikhathi sokubuna singase singaqiniseki. Ubuchwepheshe obubunayo ukulawula okuzenzela kwenqubo yokuhwamuka komswakama wamaqabunga amasha.

Amanzi amaningi asemaqabungeni abunile ayahwamuka nge-stomata engemuva kwamaqabunga, kuyilapho ingxenye ethile yamanzi ihwamuka nge-epidermis yeqabunga. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokuhwamuka kwamanzi amaqabunga amasha alithonywa kuphela izimo zangaphandle, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo samaqabunga ngokwawo. Izinga le-keratinization yamaqabunga amadala liphezulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi amanzi ahlakazeke, kuyilapho izinga le-keratinization yamaqabunga amancane liphansi, okwenza kube lula ukuthi amanzi ahlakazeke.
Ngokocwaningo, ngaphezu kwesigamu samanzi asemaqabungeni asemancane ayahwamuka ngongqimba lwe-cuticle olungathuthukisiwe, ngakho amaqabunga amadala alahlekelwa amanzi ngesilinganiso esincane futhi amaqabunga alahlekelwa amanzi ngokushesha. Isiqu siqukethe amanzi amaningi kunamaqabunga, kodwa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi esiqwini kuhamba kancane futhi amanye awo ayahwamuka ngokuthuthwa aya emaqabunga.

Njengoba umswakama wamaqabunga abunile uncipha, amangqamuzana amaqabunga alahlekelwa isimo sawo sokuvuvuka, isisindo samaqabunga siba sithambile, futhi indawo yamaqabunga iyancipha. Lapho amaqabunga emancane, indawo yamaqabunga iyancipha kakhulu. Ngokusho kwedatha ye-Manskaya (Ithebula 8-1), ngemva kokubuna amahora angu-12, iqabunga lokuqala liyancipha ngo-68%, iqabunga lesibili liyancipha ngo-58%, kanti iqabunga lesithathu liyancipha ngo-28%. Lokhu kuhlobene nezinhlaka ezahlukene zezicubu zamangqamuzana zamaqabunga anamazinga ahlukene obubele. Uma ukubuna kuqhubeka, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuyehla ngezinga elithile, futhi izinga leqabunga liyashintsha lisuka ekubeni lithambile liye kokuqina futhi libe brittle, ikakhulukazi amathiphu namachopho ama-buds namaqabunga aba lukhuni futhi aba brittle.

Umehluko ekulahlekeni kwamanzi phakathi kwama-buds namaqabunga kuholela ekubuneni okungalingani. Kunezimo ezimbili: esinye sibangelwa ukungavuni okufanayo kwamaqabunga amasha, okuholela ekuhlukeni kokuthamba phakathi kwama-buds namaqabunga, okungahambisani nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yetiye. Izinyathelo ezintsha zokugreda amaqabunga zingathathwa ukuze kunqobe lokhu. Okwesibili, noma ngabe ukuthamba kuyafana, kusengenzeka kube khona umehluko phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zama-buds, amaqabunga, neziqu. Ngamafuphi, izinga lokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni lihlobene, futhi ukungalingani kuphelele.

Ukushintsha komswakama wamaqabunga abunile kuwuphawu lokulahlekelwa kokuhlakazeka kwamanzi okubangelwa uchungechunge lweitiye liyabunaizimo zobuchwepheshe ezifana nezinga lokushisa, ukujiya kokusabalalisa amaqabunga, isikhathi, nokujikeleza komoya.

2. Izimo ezibunayo

Zonke izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe ezithathwa ngesikhathi sokubuna zihloselwe ukuzuza izinguquko ezifanayo nezilinganiselwe zomzimba namakhemikhali emaqabunga abunile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimo ezidingekayo zokuvutshelwa. Izimo zangaphandle ezithinta ikhwalithi yamaqabunga abunile kuqala ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, bese kuba nomthelela wokushisa, futhi ekugcineni ubude besikhathi. Phakathi kwazo, izinga lokushisa linomthelela obaluleke kakhulu kwikhwalithi yamaqabunga abunile.

a.Ukuhwamuka kwamanzi

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokubuna siwukuba amanzi ahwamuke, futhi ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kuhlobene eduze nomswakama womoya. Umswakama womoya ophansi uholela ekuhwamukeni okusheshayo komswakama emaqabunga abunile; Uma umswakama womoya uphezulu, ukuhwamuka komswakama kuzohamba kancane. Umphumela wokuhwamuka kwamanzi abolayo wukwakheka kongqimba olugcwele lomhwamuko phezu kwamaqabunga.

Uma umswakama womoya uphansi, okungukuthi, kukhona umhwamuko wamanzi omningi ongaqukethwe emoyeni, futhi umhwamuko wamanzi emaqabunga ungasakazeka ngokushesha emoyeni, ngeke kube khona isimo sokugcwala kwesitimu emaqabunga, futhi izinguquko ezingokomzimba zamaqabunga abunile zizoqhubeka ngokushesha. Yiqiniso, ukugcwala komhwamuko emoyeni kuhlobene eduze nezinga lokushisa lomoya. Uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu, kulapho umoya udonsa khona umhwamuko wamanzi, okwenza kube nzima ukwakha isimo esigcwele umhwamuko ebusweni bamaqabunga.
Ngakho-ke, ngenani elifanayo lomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni, uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu, umswakama ohlobene uzoba phansi; Uma izinga lokushisa liphansi, umswakama ohlobene uphezulu. Ngakho izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lizosheshisa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi.

Ukungena komoya kuyisimo esibalulekile sokubuna okujwayelekile. Uma igumbi elibunayo livaliwe futhi lingangeni komoya, phakathi nesigaba sokuqala sokushisa sibuna, umswakama ophansi womoya usheshisa ukuhwamuka komswakama emaqabunga abunile. Njengoba isikhathi sokubuna sikhula, inani lomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni liyakhula, umswakama ohlobene uyakhuphuka, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi kancane kancane kufinyelela ukulingana, izinga lokushisa leqabunga liyakhuphuka ngokuqhathaniswa, ukungeneka kolwelwesi lweqabunga elibunile liyakhula, umsebenzi we ama-enzyme ayaqina, izinguquko zamakhemikhali ziyashesha, futhi ukubola ngokwawo kanye nezinguquko ze-oxidation eziqukethwe zishintsha kusukela ekuphuzeni kuye kokunamandla, okubangela ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali. ukubuna ukukhula endleleni ewohlokayo, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuguquguquka okubomvu kwamaqabunga abunile kungase kwenzeke.

Ngakho, endliniamaqabunga etiye abuna, ikakhulukazi ukushisa ukubuna, kufanele kuhambisane nenani elithile lokuphefumula. Umoya ogelezayo ushaya ungqimba lwamaqabunga abunile, ususa umhwamuko wamanzi phezu kweqabunga, wenze indawo enomswakama omncane ezungeze amaqabunga, uqhubeke nokusheshisa ukuhwamuka komswakama wamaqabunga. Ukuhwamuka kwamanzi emaqabunga abunile kudinga ukumuncwa kwesilinganiso esithile sokushisa, okunciphisa ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa lamaqabunga. Lapho umthamo womoya umkhulu, amanzi ahwamuka ngokushesha, izinga lokushisa lamaqabunga likhuphuka kancane, futhi amakhemikhali ashintsha kancane amaqabunga abunile.

Ukuze kunqotshwe ithonya lesimo sezulu semvelo ekubuneni, imishini yokubuna yokwenziwa isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni, njengemishini ebunayo, amathangi abunayo, njll., wonke afakwe amajeneretha omoya oshisayo futhi akwazi ukulungisa izinga lokushisa nomthamo womoya. Umthamo womoya womkhombe obuna ngokuvamile usekelwe esimisweni sokungaphehli “izimbobo” ongqimbeni lwamaqabunga ahlakazekile.

Uma kungenjalo, umoya uzogxila "emigodini" kungqimba lwamaqabunga, okubangela ukwanda komfutho womoya kanye nokuhlakazeka kwama-buds namaqabunga azungeze umbhede obunayo. Umthamo womoya uhlobene eduze nokungena komoya kwesendlalelo se-blade. Uma ukungena komoya kwesendlalelo se-blade kuhle, umthamo womoya ungaba mkhulu, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, kufanele ube mncane. Uma amaqabunga amasha ethambile, ama-buds namaqabunga amancane, ungqimba lwamaqabunga luhlangene, futhi ukuphefumula kumpofu; Ukuphefumula kwamaqabunga esigabeni sakamuva sokubuna nakho kuzokwehla, futhi umthamo womoya kufanele ube mncane. Umthamo womoya mncane, futhi izinga lokushisa kufanele lehle ngokufanele. Umgomo wokusebenza kokubuna uwukuqala ukwandisa umthamo womoya bese unciphisa, futhi okokuqala wandise izinga lokushisa bese wehlisa. Ngakho-ke, kunezidingo ezithile zokuqina kwe-blade ye-groove ebunayo, ngokuvamile akufanele ibe ngaphezu kuka-15-20 cm. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuze kuzuzwe ukubuna okufanayo kwamaqabunga ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu neziphansi zesendlalelo samaqabunga, ukuxuba okwenziwa ngesandla kuyadingeka ngesikhathi sokubuna.

b.Izinga lokushisa elibunayo

Izinga lokushisa yisimo esiyinhloko sokubuna. Phakathi nenqubo yokubuna, izinguquko ze-physicochemical zamaqabunga amasha zihlobene eduze nezinga lokushisa. Ngokukhula kwezinga lokushisa, izinga lokushisa lamaqabunga likhuphuka ngokushesha, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kuyanda, isikhathi sokubuna siyafinyela, futhi inqubo yokushintsha ngokomzimba namakhemikhali kuyashesha. Uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, lizobangela ukuqina koshintsho lwamakhemikhali kokuqukethwe kwamaqabunga abunile. Ngakho-ke, kuhle ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomoya elingaphansi kuka-35 ℃ ngesikhathi sokubuna, okungcono kakhulu ku-30-32 ℃, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga amasha ezinhlobo ezinkulu zamaqabunga, njengoba izinga lokushisa eliphezulu leqabunga lingabangela amathiphu omile futhi ashile.

Izinga lokushisa elibunayo lithinta izinguquko zomsebenzi wama-enzyme angapheli emaqabunga abunile, okubuye kuthinte izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali lezinto eziqukethwe. Ngaphandle kwe-asidi eyisisekelo, ezinye izinhlanganisela zinokuhluka okuncane phakathi kwebanga lika-23-33 ℃. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-33 ℃, okuqukethwe kwezinhlanganisela eziyinhloko kuncipha kancane kancane ngokwanda kwezinga lokushisa, elingahambisani nekhwalithi yamaqabunga abunile.

Izinga lokushisa kanye nevolumu yomoya kuhlobene eduze nezinguquko ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali zokubuna, nokuhlobana okukhulu phakathi kwezinga lokushisa nezinguquko zamakhemikhali, kanye nokuhlobana okukhulu phakathi kwevolumu yomoya nezinguquko zomzimba. Ngokulungisa izinga lokushisa kanye nevolumu yomoya, izinga lokuqhubeka kwezinguquko ze-physicochemical emaqabungeni abunayo lingalawulwa. Kutuswa ukwamukela isimiso sokusebenza “sokukhulisa umthamo womoya kuqala bese wehla” kanye “nokwenyusa izinga lokushisa kuqala bese wehla”. Ukwazi isikhathi esithile kungafinyelela izinga oyifunayo.

3. Ukubuna isikhathi

Umthelela wesikhathi esibunayo ezinguqukweni ze-physicochemical of amaqabunga abunile uyahlukahluka ngenxa yezimo ezihlukene ezifana nezinga lokushisa nokuqina okusakazeka kwamaqabunga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokulahlekelwa kwesisindo samaqabunga abunile liyahlukahluka ngamazinga okushisa ahlukene, futhi umthelela ekushintsheni kwawo kwamakhemikhali kanye nekhwalithi nakho kuhlukile.