Inkxaso Scroll.in Imiba yakho yenkxaso: I-Indiya idinga imidiya ezimeleyo kunye neendaba ezizimeleyo ziyakudinga.
"Ungenza ntoni nge-200 rupees namhlanje?" ubuza uJoshula Gurung, umkhethi weti kwi-CD Block Ging tea estate ePulbazar, eDarjeeling, ofumana i-Rs 232 ngosuku. Uthe intlawulo yendlela enye kwimoto ekwabelwana ngayo zii-rupees ezingama-400 ukuya eSiliguri, iikhilomitha ezingama-60 ukusuka eDarjeeling, kunye nesona sixeko sikufutshane apho abasebenzi banyangwa khona kwizigulo ezimandundu.
Le yinyani yamashumi amawaka abasebenzi kumasimi eti eMntla Bengal, abangaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-50 ngabasetyhini. Ingxelo yethu eDarjeeling yabonisa ukuba babehlawulwa umvuzo omncinane, bebotshelelwe yinkqubo yabasebenzi bamathanga, bengenamalungelo omhlaba, yaye babengenandlela yaneleyo yokufumana iinkqubo zikarhulumente.
"Iimeko zokusebenza ezinzima kunye neemeko zokuphila ezikhohlakeleyo zabasebenzi beti zisikhumbuza umsebenzi owenziwe ngabanini bamasimi baseBhritane ngexesha lobukoloniyali," yatsho ingxelo yekomiti emileyo yePalamente ka-2022.
Abasebenzi bazama ukuphucula ubomi babo, bathi, kwaye iingcali ziyavuma. Uninzi lwabasebenzi luqeqesha abantwana babo luze lubathumele ukusebenza emasimini. Siye safumanisa ukuba bebesilwela ukuba banyuse imivuzo ephantsi nobunini bomhlaba kwizinyanya zabo.
Kodwa ubomi babo obusele bunobungozi busemngciphekweni omkhulu ngenxa yemeko yeshishini leti laseDarjeeling ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukhuphiswano oluvela kwiti ephantsi, ukudodobala kwemarike yehlabathi kunye nemveliso ehlayo kunye nemfuno yokuba sichaze kula manqaku mabini. Inqaku lokuqala liyinxalenye yongcelele. Inxalenye yesibini neyokugqibela iya kunikezelwa kwimeko yabasebenzi bokulima iti.
Ukusukela oko kwathi kwawiswa uMthetho woHlengahlengiso loMhlaba ngo-1955, umhlaba wokulinywa kweti eMntla Bengal awunatayitile kodwa uqeshisiwe. Urhulumente welizwe.
Izizukulwana ngezizukulwana, abasebenzi beti baye bakhe amakhaya abo kumhlaba wasimahla kumasimi eDarjeeling, Duars naseTerai.
Nangona kungekho manani asemthethweni avela kwiBhodi yeTea yaseIndiya, ngokwengxelo ye-2013 West Bengal Labor Council, inani labemi bamasimi amakhulu eti yaseDarjeeling Hills, eTerai naseDurs yayiyi-11,24,907, apho i-2,62,426 yayikhona. ibingabahlali abasisigxina kunye nangaphezulu kwama-70,000+ abasebenzi bethutyana kunye nabekhontrakthi.
Njengesiqhelo sexesha elidlulileyo lobukholoniyali, abanini bakwenza kwanyanzeleka ukuba iintsapho ezihlala kuloo ndawo zithumele ubuncinci ilungu elinye ukuba lisebenze kwigadi yeti okanye baya kuphulukana nekhaya labo. Abasebenzi abanalo itayitile kumhlaba, kungoko akukho tayitile ebizwa ngokuba yiparja-patta.
Ngokutsho kophononongo olunesihloko esithi "Ukuxhaphazwa kwaBasebenzi kwiZityalo zeTea zaseDarjeeling" epapashwe ngo-2021, kuba umsebenzi osisigxina kumasimi eti eMntla Bengal unokufumaneka kuphela ngokuzalana, imarike yabasebenzi esimahla nevulekileyo ayizange ibekho, ekhokelela ekubeni ukwenziwa kwamakhoboka kumazwe ngamazwe. Ijenali yoLawulo loMthetho kunye noBuntu. ”
Abacholi okwangoku bahlawulwa i-Rs 232 ngosuku. Emva kokuba kutsalwe imali eya kwingxowa-mali yokonga abasebenzi, abasebenzi bafumana malunga namakhulu amabini eerandi, abathi ayonelanga ukuphila kwaye ayihambelani nomsebenzi abawenzayo.
Ngokuka-Mohan Chirimar, uMlawuli oLawulayo weSingtom Tea Estate, izinga lokungabikho emsebenzini kubasebenzi beti eMntla Bengal lingaphezulu kwama-40%. Phantse isiqingatha sabasebenzi bethu basegadini abasayi emsebenzini.
"Isixa esincinci seeyure ezisibhozo zomsebenzi onzima kunye nezakhono sisizathu sokuba abasebenzi bamasimi eti behla yonke le nto," utshilo uSumendra Tamang, itshantliziyo lamalungelo abasebenzi beti eMntla Bengal. “Kuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba abantu batsibe umsebenzi kumasimi eti baze basebenze eMGNREGA [inkqubo karhulumente yengqesho emaphandleni] okanye naphi na apho imivuzo iphezulu.”
UJoshila Gurung we-Ging tea plantation e-Darjeeling kunye noogxa bakhe u-Sunita Biki kunye no-Chandramati Tamang bathi imfuno yabo ephambili kukunyuka komvuzo omncinci wamasimi eti.
Ngokwesetyhula yamva nje ekhutshwe yi-Ofisi yoMkomishinala wezeMisebenzi kaRhulumente wase-West Bengal, umvuzo omncinci wemihla ngemihla kubasebenzi bezolimo abangenazakhono kufuneka ube ngama-Rs 284 ngaphandle kokutya kunye ne-264 kunye nokutya.
Nangona kunjalo, imivuzo yabasebenzi beti imiselwa yindibano yamacandelo amathathu ebizinyaswe ngabameli bemibutho yabanini beti, imibutho yabasebenzi kunye namagosa karhulumente. Iimanyano zabasebenzi zazifuna ukubeka umvuzo omtsha wemihla ngemihla we-Rs 240, kodwa ngoJuni urhulumente waseWest Bengal wayibhengeza kwi-Rs 232.
URakesh Sarki, umlawuli wabavuni kwi-Happy Valley, kwindawo yesibini edala iti yeti eDarjeeling, ukhalaza malunga nokuhlawulwa kwemivuzo engaqhelekanga. “Asikhange sihlawulwe rhoqo ukusukela ngo-2017. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho ukulibaziseka okude, kwaye kuyafana nakwindawo yonke yokutyala iti endulini.”
"Ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso rhoqo kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho jikelele eIndiya, akunakucingelwa ukuba umsebenzi weti anokuzixhasa njani yena kunye nosapho lwakhe ngeerandi ezingama-200 ngosuku," utshilo uDawa Sherpa, umfundi ogqirha kwiZiko loPhando lwezoQoqosho. Uphando kunye nokucwangcisa eIndiya. IYunivesithi yaseJawaharlal Nehru, evela eKursong. "IDarjeeling kunye ne-Assam banomvuzo ophantsi wabasebenzi beti. Kumasimi eti eSikkim eselumelwaneni, abasebenzi barhola malunga nama-500 eerandi ngosuku. EKerala, umvuzo wemihla ngemihla ungaphezu kwama-R400, kwanaseTamil Nadu, yaye kuphela malunga neeR350.”
Ingxelo ka-2022 evela kwiKomiti eSisigxina yePalamente yacela ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ephantsi yomvuzo wabasebenzi bokulima iti, ichaza ukuba imivuzo yemihla ngemihla kumasimi eti e-Darjeeling “ngomnye wemivuzo ephantsi yakhe nawuphi na umsebenzi wefektri elizweni”.
Imivuzo iphantsi kwaye ayikhuselekanga, yiyo loo nto amawaka abasebenzi abafana noRakesh noJoshira bebatyhafisa abantwana babo ekusebenzeni kumasimi eti. “Sisebenza nzima ukufundisa abantwana bethu. Asiyomfundo igqwesileyo, kodwa ubuncinane bayakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Kutheni le nto kufuneka baphuke amathambo ngenxa yomsebenzi ohlawula kancinci kumasimi eti,” utshilo uJoshira, unyana wakhe ongumpheki e-Bangalore. Ukholelwa ukuba abasebenzi beti baye baxhatshazwa izizukulwana ngenxa yokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. "Abantwana bethu kufuneka baqhawule ikhonkco."
Ukongezelela emvuzweni, abasebenzi basezitiyeni zeti banelungelo lokubekela bucala imali, umhlala-phantsi, izindlu, unyango lwasimahla, imfundo yasimahla yabantwana babo, iindawo zokuhlala zabasebenzi abangamabhinqa, amafutha kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela ezifana neefaskoti, iiambrela, iidyasi zemvula, neebhutsi eziphakamileyo. Ngokwale ngxelo iphambili, umvuzo uwonke waba basebenzi umalunga nama-350 eerandi ngosuku. Abaqeshi kwakhona kufuneka bahlawule iibhonasi zonyaka zomnyhadala weDurga Puja.
I-Darjeeling Organic Tea Estates Private Limited, umnini wangaphambili ubuncinane we-10 estates eNorth Bengal, kuquka i-Happy Valley, ithengise iigadi zayo ngoSeptemba, ishiya abasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-6,500 ngaphandle kwemivuzo, imali yokugcina, iingcebiso kunye neebhonasi ze-puja.
Ngo-Okthobha, iDarjeeling Organic Tea Plantation Sdn Bhd ekugqibeleni yathengisa amasimi ayo amathandathu kwali-10. “Abanini abatsha abakayihlawuli yonke imirhumo yethu. Imivuzo ayikahlawulwa kwaye yibhonasi yePujo kuphela ehlawulweyo,” utshilo uSarkey kaHappy Valley ngoNovemba.
USobhadebi Tamang uthe imeko yangoku iyafana nePeshok Tea Garden phantsi komnini omtsha weSilicon Agriculture Tea Company. “Umama sele ethathe umhlala-phantsi, kodwa i-CPF yakhe kunye neengcebiso zisaphume izandla. Abaphathi abatsha bazibophelele ekuhlawuleni zonke iintlawulo zethu ngezavenge ezithathu nge-31 kaJulayi [2023].
Umphathi wakhe, uPesang Norbu Tamang, uthe abanini batsha abakahlali kwaye bazakuhlawula iimali zabo kungekudala, watsho esithi intlawulo kaPujo ihlawulwe kwangexesha. Ugxa kaSobhadebi uSushila Rai wakhawuleza waphendula. Abasihlawulanga kakuhle.”
“Imivuzo yethu yemihla ngemihla ibiyi-R202, kodwa urhulumente uyinyuse yaya kutsho kumakhulu amabini anamashumi amathathu anesibini eerandi (R232). “Umniniyo akakahlawuli.”
Ngokophononongo luka-2021 olupapashwe kwi-International Journal of Legal Management and the Humanities, abaphathi bamasimi eti bahlala bexhobisa intlungu ebangelwa kukuvalwa kwamasimi eti, begrogrisa abasebenzi xa befuna umvuzo olindelekileyo okanye ukunyuselwa. "Esi soyikiso sokuvalwa sibeka imeko kubaphathi kwaye abasebenzi kufuneka bayithobele."
“Abadlali bemidlalo yeqonga abakaze bafumane iimali zokwenyani zoovimba kunye neengcebiso… kwanaxa [abaniniyo] benyanzelwa ukuba benze njalo, bahlala behlawulwa imali encinci kunaleyo yabasebenzi abayifumana ngexesha labo ebukhobokeni,” utshilo umlweli uTamang.
Ubunini bomhlaba babasebenzi ngumba osukuzanayo phakathi kwabanini bamasimi eti kunye nabasebenzi. Abaninizo bathi abantu bagcina amakhaya abo kumasimi eti nokuba abaphangeli emasimini, lo gama abasebenzi besithi mabanikwe amalungelo omhlaba kuba iintsapho zabo bezihleli kulo mhlaba.
UChirimar weSingtom Tea Estate uthe ngaphezu kwama-40 epesenti abantu baseSingtom Tea Estate abasenayo igadi. “Abantu baya eSingapore naseDubai ngenxa yomsebenzi, kwaye iintsapho zabo apha zonwabela izibonelelo zezindlu zasimahla…Ngoku urhulumente kufuneka athathe amanyathelo angqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba usapho ngalunye olukwintsimi yeti luthumela ilungu elinye ukuba lisebenze egadini. Hambani niyosebenza, asinangxaki ngalo nto.”
I-Unionist u-Sunil Rai, unobhala odibeneyo we-Terai Dooars Chia Kaman Mazdoor union e-Darjeeling, uthe iindawo zeti zikhupha "isatifiketi sokuchasa" kubasebenzi ababavumela ukuba bakhe amakhaya abo kwiindawo zeti. “Kutheni beyishiyile indlu abayakhileyo?”
URai, ophinde abe ngumkhulumeli weQonga eliManyeneyo (Iinduli), imanyano yabasebenzi bamaqela amaninzi ezopolitiko kwimimandla yaseDarjeeling naseKalimpong, uthe abasebenzi abanamalungelo kumhlaba apho izindlu zabo zimi khona kunye namalungelo abo kwi-parja-patta ( imfuno yexesha elide yamaxwebhu angqina ubunini bomhlaba) ayizange ihoywe.
Ngenxa yokuba bengenazo iitayitile okanye iirenti, abasebenzi abanako ukubhalisa izakhiwo zabo kwizicwangciso ze-inshorensi.
UManju Rai, umhlanganisi kwindawo yeti yaseTukvar kwikota yeCD Pulbazar yaseDarjeeling, akafumananga mbuyekezo yekhaya lakhe, elonakaliswe kakhulu kukudilika komhlaba. “Indlu endayakhayo iye yawa [ngenxa yokudilika komhlaba kunyaka ophelileyo],” watsho, esongeza ukuba iintonga ze-bamboo, iingxowa ezindala zejute kunye nethaphu zisindise indlu yakhe ekutshatyalalisweni ngokupheleleyo. “Andinamali yokwakha enye indlu. Bobabini oonyana bam basebenza kwezothutho. Kwanomvuzo wabo awanelanga. Naluphi na uncedo oluvela kwinkampani luya kuba lukhulu. ”
Ingxelo yeKomiti eSigxina yasePalamente yathi le nkqubo “ngokucacileyo iyayijongela phantsi impumelelo yombutho welizwe wohlengahlengiso lomhlaba ngokuthintela abasebenzi beti ukuba banandiphe amalungelo abo asisiseko omhlaba phezu kwayo nje iminyaka esixhenxe yenkululeko.
U-Rai uthi imfuno ye-parja patta iye yanyuka ukususela ngo-2013. Wathi ngelixa amagosa anyuliweyo kunye nezopolitiko ziye zavumela abasebenzi beti, bafanele bathethe malunga nabasebenzi beeti ngoku, beqaphela ukuba i-MP yaseDarjeeling uRaju Bista uye yazisa umthetho wokubonelela ngeparja patta kubasebenzi beti.” . Amaxesha ayatshintsha, nangona kancinci. ”
UDibyendu Bhattacharya, unobhala odibeneyo we-West Bengal Ministry of Land and Agrarian Reform and Refugees, Relief and Rehabilitation, ejongene nemiba yomhlaba e-Darjeeling phantsi kweofisi efanayo kanobhala wenkonzo, wenqabile ukuthetha ngalo mbandela. Iminxeba ephindaphindiweyo ibisithi: “Andigunyaziswanga ukuba ndithethe namajelo eendaba.”
Ngesicelo sikanobhala, i-imeyile iphinde yathunyelwa kunobhala kunye ne-questionnaire eneenkcukacha ebuza ukuba kutheni abasebenzi beti benganikwanga amalungelo omhlaba. Siza kuhlaziya ibali xa ephendula.
URajeshvi Pradhan, umbhali osuka kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yoMthetho iRajiv Gandhi, wabhala kwiphepha lika-2021 malunga nokuxhaphaza: “Ukungabikho kwemarike yomsebenzi kunye nokungabikho kwawo nawaphi na amalungelo omhlaba kubasebenzi akuqinisekisi nje kuphela umsebenzi ophantsi kodwa nokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi. Abasebenzi bentsimi yeti yaseDarjeeling. “Ukunqongophala kwamathuba emisebenzi kufutshane nemihlaba, kudityaniswe noloyiko lokuphulukana nezindlu zabo, kuye kwabandisa ubukhoboka babo.”
Iingcali zithi oyena nobangela wengxaki yabasebenzi beti ilele kukunganyanzelisi kakuhle okanye okubuthathaka kumthetho i-Platation Labour Act ka-1951. Onke amasimi eti abhaliswe yiBhodi yeTea yaseIndiya eDarjeeling, eTerai naseDuars aphantsi koMthetho. Ngako oko, bonke abasebenzi abasisigxina kunye neentsapho kwezi zitiya nazo zinelungelo lokuxhamla phantsi komthetho.
Ngaphantsi koMthetho wokuTyalwa kweMisebenzi, ngo-1956, uRhulumente waseWest Bengal wenza uMthetho we-West Bengal Plantation Labour Act, 1956 ukuba umisele uMthetho oMbindi. Nangona kunjalo, uSherpas kunye noTamang bathi phantse zonke iindawo ezinkulu zaseMntla Bengal ezingama-449 zinokudelela ngokulula imimiselo ephakathi kunye neyelizwe.
I-Plantation Labor Act ithi "umqeshi ngamnye unoxanduva lokubonelela nokugcina izindlu ezifanelekileyo kubo bonke abasebenzi kunye namalungu eentsapho zabo ahlala emasimini." Abanini bamasimi eti bathi umhlaba wasimahla abawunikeze kwiminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo sisixa sabo sezindlu zabasebenzi kunye neentsapho zabo.
Kwelinye icala, ngaphezu kwe-150 yamafama eti amancinci awakhathali nangoMthetho we-Platation Labour Act ka-1951 kuba basebenza ngaphantsi kweehektare ezi-5 ngaphandle kommiselo wawo, utshilo uSherpa.
UManju, izindlu zakhe zonakaliswe kukudilika komhlaba, unelungelo lokufumana imbuyekezo phantsi kwePlantation Labour Act ka-1951. “Wafaka izicelo ezibini, kodwa umninimzi akazange azihoye. Oku kunokuthintelwa ngokulula ukuba umhlaba wethu ufumana i-parja patta, ”utshilo uRam Subba, umlawuli weTukvar Tea Estate Manju, kunye nabanye abakhi.
IKomiti eSigxina yePalamente yaphawula ukuba “iiDummies zazilwela amalungelo azo omhlaba, kungekuphela nje ukuphila, kodwa nokungcwaba amalungu eentsapho zawo abafileyo.” Ikomiti iphakamisa umthetho “oqonda amalungelo kunye nezihloko zabasebenzi beti abancinci nabajongelwe phantsi kumhlaba nakwimithombo yezinyanya zabo.”
UMthetho woKhuseleko lweZityalo ka-2018 okhutshwe yiBhodi yeTea yaseIndiya ucebisa ukuba abasebenzi babonelelwe ngokukhuselwa kwentloko, iibhutsi, iiglavu, iifaskoti kunye neeovaroli zokukhusela izibulala-zinambuzane kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezifafazwe emasimini.
Abasebenzi bakhalazela umgangatho kunye nokusebenziseka kwezixhobo ezitsha njengoko ziguga okanye zisonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha. “Asizange sizifumane iiglasi ngexesha bekufanele ukuba sizifumene. Nditsho neefaskoti, iigloves kunye nezihlangu, kwafuneka silwe, sisoloko sikhumbuza umphathi, emva koko umphathi wayelibazisa ukuvunywa, utshilo uGurung ovela kwiJin Tea Plantation. “Yena [umphathi] wenza ngathi uhlawulela izixhobo zethu epokothweni yakhe. Kodwa ukuba ngenye imini siye saphoswa ngumsebenzi ngenxa yokuba singenazo iiglavu okanye nantoni na, ebengayi kuphoswa kukutsala umvuzo wethu.” .
UJoshila uthe iiglavu azizikhuseli izandla zakhe kwivumba eliyityhefu leyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi awayelitshize kumagqabi eti. "Ukutya kwethu kunuka njengeentsuku zokutshiza imichiza." ungaphindi uyisebenzise. Ungakhathazeki, singabalimi. Singatya kwaye setyise nantoni na.”
Ingxelo ye-BEHANBOX ka-2022 yafumanisa ukuba abafazi abasebenza kumasimi eti eMntla Bengal bavezwe kwizitshabalalisi ezinetyhefu, imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kunye nezichumisi ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela, ezibangela iingxaki zolusu, ukubona luzizi, ukuphefumla kunye nezigulo zokugaya ukutya.