Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqala yokuvelisa iti emnyama, imveliso ifumana uthotho lweenguqu ezinzima, zenza umbala okhethekileyo, ivumba, incasa, kunye neempawu zomgangatho weti emnyama.

Ukubuna

Ukubunayinkqubo yokuqala yokwenza iti emnyama. Phantsi kweemeko zemozulu zesiqhelo, amagqabi amatsha asasazwa abhityile kangangexesha elithile, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuphuphuma kwamanzi. Njengoko ixesha lokubuna liqhubela phambili, ukubola kwezinto ezikumagqabi amatsha ngokuthe ngcembe komelela. Ngokulahleka okuqhubekayo kokufuma kweqabunga elitsha, amagqabi ayancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, ukuthungwa kweqabunga kutshintsha ukusuka kunzima ukuya kuthambile, umbala weqabunga uguquka ukusuka eluhlaza ohlaza ukuya kumnyama omnyama, kunye nomgangatho wangaphakathi kunye nephunga elimnandi liyatshintsha. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kukubuna.

Inkqubo yokubuna ibandakanya utshintsho lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ngexesha lokubuna. Ezi nguqu zimbini ziyanxibelelana kwaye zinemiqathango. Utshintsho olwenzeka emzimbeni lunokukhuthaza utshintsho lweekhemikhali, luthintele utshintsho lweekhemikhali, kwaye luchaphazele neemveliso zotshintsho lweekhemikhali.

Ngokuchasene noko, utshintsho lweekhemikhali luchaphazela nenkqubela yokutshintsha komzimba. Utshintsho, uphuhliso, kunye nempembelelo efanayo phakathi kwezi zimbini ziyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zangaphandle ezifana nobushushu kunye nokufuma. Ukuqonda iqondo lokubuna kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho weti, amanyathelo obuchule afanelekileyo kufuneka athathwe.

1. Utshintsho lomzimba lokubuna

Ilahleko yokufuma kwamagqabi amatsha ngowona mba wotshintsho lomzimba ekubuneni. Phantsi kweemeko zemozulu zesiqhelo, ukubuna kwendalo yangaphakathi phantsi kolawulo olwenziweyo kubangela ipateni “ekhawulezayo, ecothayo, ekhawulezayo” yamagqabi amatsha abunayo kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamanzi. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, amanzi asimahla emagqabini aphuphuma ngokukhawuleza; Kwinqanaba lesibini, ngexesha lokuzibolisa kwezinto zangaphakathi kunye nokusasazwa kwamanzi amagqabi amagqabi ukuya emagqabini, ukuphuphuma kwamanzi kuyancipha; Kwinqanaba lesithathu, amanzi kunye nezinto zangaphakathi ezithuthwa ukusuka kwisiqu ukuya emagqabini ziyazibolisa ukuze zenze amanzi adityanisiweyo, kunye namanzi adityanisiweyo akhutshwe kukuqiniswa kwe-colloid, kwaye ukuvela komphunga kuphinde kukhawuleze. Ukuba imozulu ayiqhelekanga okanye ulawulo lokwenziwa alukho ngqongqo, isantya somphunga wamanzi amagqabi amatsha ngexesha lokubuna asinakuqiniseka. Itekhnoloji yokubuna lulawulo olwenziweyo lwenkqubo yokumka komphunga yokufuma kwamagqabi amatsha.

Uninzi lwamanzi akumagqabi abunileyo aphuma ngumphunga kwi-stomata esemva kwamagqabi, ngelixa inxalenye yamanzi iphuma ngumphunga kwi-epidermis yegqabi. Ngoko ke, izinga lokunyuka kwamanzi amaqabunga amaqabunga alichaphazeli nje kuphela iimeko zangaphandle, kodwa kunye nesakhiwo samagqabi ngokwawo. Izinga le-keratinization yamagqabi amadala liphezulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuchithwa kwamanzi, ngelixa izinga le-keratinization yamagqabi amancinci liphantsi, okwenza kube lula ukuba amanzi achithe.
Ngokutsho kophando, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samanzi kumagqabi amatsha aphuma ngumphunga nge-cuticle layer engaphuhliswanga, ngoko ke amagqabi amadala aphulukana namanzi ngesantya esiphantsi kwaye amagqabi aphulukana namanzi ngesantya esikhawulezayo. Isiqu siqulathe amanzi amaninzi kunamagqabi, kodwa ukuphuphuma kwamanzi kwisiqu kuyacotha kwaye amanye awo angumphunga ngokuthuthwa ukuya emagqabini.

Njengoko ukuncipha kokufuma kumagqabi abunileyo, iiseli zegqabi ziye zidumbe, ubunzima bamagqabi buba thambileyo, kwaye indawo yamagqabi iyancipha. Okukhona amagqabi emancinci, kokukhona ancipha kakhulu kwindawo yamagqabi. Ngokutsho kwedatha yeManskaya (Itheyibhile 8-1), emva kokubuna kweeyure eziyi-12, iqabunga lokuqala liyancipha nge-68%, iqabunga lesibini liyancipha ngo-58%, kwaye iqabunga lesithathu liyancipha ngama-28%. Oku kuhambelana nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zezicubu zamagqabi ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuthamba. Ukuba ukubuna kuyaqhubeka, isiqulatho samanzi siyehla ukuya kumlinganiselo othile, kwaye umgangatho wamagqabi uyatshintsha ukusuka ekuthambekeni ukuya kokuqina kunye nokuqhekeka, ngakumbi iincam kunye neencam zamathupha kunye namagqabi aqina kwaye abe brittle.

Umahluko ekulahlekeni kwamanzi phakathi kwamathupha kunye namagqabi kukhokelela ekubuneni okungalinganiyo. Kukho iimeko ezimbini: enye kungenxa yokungavuni kakuhle ukufana kwamagqabi amatsha, okukhokelela kumahluko wokuthantamisa phakathi kwamathupha kunye namagqabi, nto leyo engabangeli nzuzo ekuphuculeni umgangatho weti. Amanyathelo okuhlelwa kwamagqabi amatsha anokuthathwa ukoyisa oku. Okwesibini, nokuba ukuthamba kuyafana, kusenokubakho umahluko phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zamathupha, amagqabi kunye neziqu. Ngamafutshane, iqondo lokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni lihambelana, kwaye ukungalingani kuphelele.

Utshintsho kumxholo wokufuma wamagqabi abunileyo luphawu lokulahleka kwamanzi okusasazeka okubangelwa luthotho lweukubuna itiiimeko zobugcisa ezifana ubushushu, ukunwenwa amagqabi ukusasazeka, ixesha, kunye nokujikeleza komoya.

2. Iimeko ezibunayo

Onke amanyathelo obugcisa athatyathwe ngexesha lokubuna ajolise ekufezekiseni utshintsho olufanayo kunye noluphakathi emzimbeni kunye neekhemikhali kumagqabi abunileyo ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezifunekayo zokuvutshelwa. Iimeko zangaphandle ezichaphazela umgangatho wamagqabi abunile kuqala kukuba ngumphunga wamanzi, emva koko impembelelo yobushushu, kwaye ekugqibeleni ubude bexesha. Phakathi kwabo, ubushushu bunempembelelo enkulu kumgangatho wamagqabi abunile.

a.Umphunga wamanzi

Inyathelo lokuqala lokubuna kukukumka kwamanzi abe ngumphunga, kwaye ukuphuphuma kwamanzi kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokufuma komoya. Ukufuma komoya ophantsi kukhokelela ekuphumeni ngokukhawuleza kokufuma kumagqabi abunileyo; Ukuba ukufuma komoya kuphezulu, ukufuma kokufuma kuya kucotha. Isiphumo sokuvela komphunga wamanzi abunayo kukubunjwa komgangatho ogcweleyo womphunga wamanzi kumphezulu wamagqabi.

Ukuba ukufuma komoya kuphantsi, oko kukuthi, kukho umphunga wamanzi omninzi onokufumaneka emoyeni, kwaye umphunga wamanzi emagqabini unokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza emoyeni, akusayi kubakho kugcwala komphunga emagqabini. utshintsho lwamagqabi abunileyo luya kuqhubeka ngokukhawuleza. Kakade ke, ukugcwala komphunga emoyeni kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobushushu bomoya. Okukhona iqondo lobushushu liphezulu, kokukhona ufunxa ngakumbi umphunga wamanzi, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwenza umphunga ogcweleyo kumphezulu wamagqabi.
Ngoko ke, kunye nomlinganiselo ofanayo womphunga wamanzi emoyeni, ukuba iqondo lokushisa liphezulu, umswakama ohambelanayo uya kuba phantsi; Xa iqondo lobushushu lisezantsi, ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kuba phezulu. Ngoko ubushushu obuphezulu buya kukhawulezisa ukuphuphuma kwamanzi.

Ukungenisa umoya yimeko ebalulekileyo yokubuna okuqhelekileyo. Ukuba igumbi lokubuna livalwe kwaye alifakwanga umoya, ngexesha lokuqala lokufudumeza ukubuna, ukufuma okuphantsi komoya kukhawulezisa ukufunxa kokufuma kumagqabi abunile. Njengoko ixesha lokubuna liqhubeka, umyinge womphunga wamanzi emoyeni uyanda, ukufuma okuhambelanayo kuyenyuka, ukufunxa kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi ngokuthe ngcembe kufikelela kwi-equilib, ubushushu begqabi buyenyuka ngokwentelekiso, ukutyhubela kwenwebu yeseli yegqabi elibunileyo kuyanda, umsebenzi i-enzymes iyomeleza, utshintsho lweekhemikhali luyakhawuleza, kwaye ukuzibola kunye nokutshintsha kwe-oxidation kwimixholo kutshintsha ukusuka kucotha ukuya kuthi ga ngamandla, kubangele utshintsho lwekhemikhali. Ukubuna ukuphuhla ecaleni kwendlela ewohlokayo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukujika kombala obomvu kwamagqabi abunile kunokwenzeka.

Ngoko, ngaphakathiamagqabi eti abunayo, ngakumbi ukufudumeza ukubuna, kufuneka kuhambisane nomlinganiselo othile wokungena komoya. Umoya oqukuqelayo uvuthuza kumaleko amagqabi abunileyo, uthwala umphunga wamanzi kumphezulu wegqabi, wenze imekobume yokufuma ephantsi ejikeleze amagqabi, nto leyo enyusa isantya sokumka kokufuma kokufuma kwamagqabi. Ukufuduka kwamanzi kumagqabi abunileyo kufuna ukufunxwa kobushushu obuthile, obucothisa ukwanda kobushushu bamagqabi. Okukhona umkhulu umthamo womoya, kokukhona ujika ngokukhawuleza amanzi abe ngumphunga, kokukhona anyuka kancinane ubushushu bamagqabi, kwaye kokukhona umchiza utshintsha ngokucothayo kumagqabi abomileyo.

Ukuze koyiswe impembelelo yemozulu yendalo ekubuneni, izixhobo zokubuna ezenziweyo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso, njengoomatshini ababunayo, amatanki abunayo, njl. Umthamo womoya womkhombe wokubuna ngokuqhelekileyo usekwe kumgaqo wokungavutheli “imingxuma” kumaleko wamagqabi asasazekileyo.

Ngaphandle koko, umoya uya kugxininisa "kwimingxuma" kwi-leaf layer, ebangela ukunyuka koxinzelelo lomoya kunye nokusabalalisa amaqabunga kunye namaqabunga ajikeleze ibhedi eyomileyo. Umthamo womoya unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokunyanzeliswa komoya komgangatho we-blade. Ukuba i-air permeability ye-blade layer ilungile, umthamo womoya unokuba mkhulu, kwaye ngokuphambene noko, kufuneka ube mncinci. Ukuba amaqabunga amatsha athambileyo, amaqabunga kunye namaqabunga amancinci, amaqabunga amaqabunga adibeneyo, kwaye ukuphefumula kubi; Ukuphefumla kwamagqabi kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokubuna kuya kuncipha, kwaye umthamo womoya kufuneka ube mncinci. Umthamo womoya uncinci, kwaye ubushushu kufuneka bunciphe ngokufanelekileyo. Umgaqo womsebenzi wokubuna kukuqala ukwandisa umthamo womoya kwaye unciphise, kwaye okokuqala unyuse ubushushu kwaye unciphise. Ngoko ke, kukho iimfuno ezithile zobunzima be-blade ye-groove ebunayo, ngokuqhelekileyo akufanele idlule i-15-20 cm. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuze kuphunyezwe ukubuna okufanayo kwamagqabi kwiindawo eziphezulu nezisezantsi zomaleko weqabunga, ukuxubana ngesandla kuyafuneka ngexesha lokubuna.

b.Ukubuna kobushushu

Ubushushu yeyona meko iphambili yokubuna. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokubuna, utshintsho lwe-physicochemical lwamagqabi amatsha luhambelana ngokusondeleyo nobushushu. Ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, ubushushu begqabi bunyuka ngokukhawuleza, ukuphuphuma kwamanzi kunyuka, ixesha lokubuna lifinyele, kwaye inkqubo yokutshintsha komzimba kunye neekhemikhali ikhawuleza. Ukuba iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu, liya kubangela ukuqina kotshintsho lweekhemikhali kwiziqulatho zamagqabi abunileyo. Ngoko ke, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kulawulwe ubushushu bomoya obungaphantsi kwe 35 ℃ ngexesha lokubuna, ingakumbi ku 30-32 ℃, ingakumbi kumagqabi amatsha ohlobo olukhulu lwamagqabi, njengoko ubushushu obuphezulu begqabi bunokubangela iincam zomile nezitshileyo.

Iqondo lobushushu elibunayo lichaphazela utshintsho lomsebenzi we-endogenous enzymes kumagqabi abunile, nto leyo echaphazela izinga lokusabela kweekhemikhali zezinto eziqulethwe. Ngaphandle kwe-asidi yesiseko, ezinye iikhompawundi zineenguqu ezincinci phakathi koluhlu lwe-23-33 ℃. Xa iqondo lobushushu linyuka ngaphezu kwe-33 ℃, umxholo wemixube engundoqo uyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, nto leyo engahambelaniyo kumgangatho wamagqabi abunileyo.

Ubushushu kunye nomthamo womoya zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo notshintsho lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zokubuna, kunye nonxibelelwano olukhulu phakathi kobushushu kunye notshintsho lweekhemikhali, kunye nonxibelelwano olukhulu phakathi komthamo womoya kunye notshintsho lomzimba. Ngokulungelelanisa ubushushu kunye nomthamo womoya, izinga lenkqubela phambili yotshintsho lwe-physicochemical kumagqabi abunayo anokulawulwa. Kucetyiswa ukuba wamkele umgaqo wokusebenza "wokunyusa umthamo womoya kuqala kwaye unciphise" kwaye "ukunyusa izinga lokushisa kuqala kwaye unciphise". Ukulawula ixesha elithile kunokufikelela kwinqanaba elifunekayo.

3. Ukuchitha ixesha

Isiphumo sokubuna kwexesha kwiinguqu ze-physicochemical zamagqabi abunile ziyahluka ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo ezifana nobushushu kunye nobukhulu begqabi. Ngexesha elifanayo, izinga lokulahleka kobunzima bamagqabi abuniweyo liyahluka ngamaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo, kwaye impembelelo kwiinguqu zabo zeekhemikhali kunye nomgangatho nazo ziyahluka.