Okubizwa ngokuba kukuxova kubhekiselele kusetyenziso lwamandla omatshini ukuxova, ukukhama, ukucheba, okanye ukuqengqeleka amagqabi abunileyo kwimilo efunekayo yomcu weGongfu iti emnyama, okanye ukuxova nokunqunqa kwimilo yamasuntswana efunekayo iti ebomvu eyaphukileyo. Amagqabi amatsha aqinile kwaye abuna ngenxa yeempawu zawo zomzimba, kwaye kunzima ukuwabumba ngokuthe ngqo ngokuqengqeleka ngaphandle kokubuna. Inkqubo yokuguqa (ukusika) yisiphumo samandla omatshini, kwaye ukuba ayilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, ayikwazi ukubumba amaqabunga abuniweyo abe yimo. Ngezantsi isingeniso esifutshane kwimpembelelo yokuqengqeleka ekubunjweni kobume kunye nomgangatho wetiyi emnyama.

Umgangatho wokuqengqeleka kuqala kuxhomekeke kwiipropati zomzimba zamagqabi, kubandakanywa ukuthamba, ukuqina, iplastiki, i-viscosity, njl njl. ; Okwesibini, kuyafuneka ukuba amagqabi abuniweyo abe nokuqina okuhle kwaye anokukhubazeka phantsi koxinzelelo ngaphandle kokuqhekeka; Imfuno yesithathu kukuba amaqabunga abunile aneplastiki efanelekileyo kwaye ayibuyiselwa ngokulula kwimo yawo yangaphambili emva kokuguqulwa phantsi koxinzelelo. Ukongeza, ukuba amagqabi ajikeleziweyo ane-viscosity enhle, anokuphucula iplastiki.

Ukuqengqeleka kunye neempawu zomzimba zamagqabi

Kukho ubudlelwane be-curvilinear phakathi kokunyakama kwamagqabi abunayo kunye neempawu zawo zomzimba. Amagqabi amatsha anomthamo ophezulu wokufuma, nto leyo ebangela ukudumba kweeseli, ukugqabhuka kunye nokubumbeka kwamagqabi aqinileyo, kunye neempawu ezibuthathaka zomzimba ezifana nokuthamba, ukuqina, iplastiki, kunye ne-viscosity. Njengokuba amanzi asematsha amagqabi abe ngumphunga ehla ngexesha lokubuna, ezi mpawu zibonakalayo zibangcono ngokuthe ngcembe.

Xa isiqulatho sokufuma samagqabi abunileyo sehla siye malunga ne-50%, iimpawu ezibonakalayo zamagqabi ziba ngcono. Ukuba ubumanzi bamagqabi abuniweyo buyaqhubeka nokuhla, iimpawu ezibonakalayo zamagqabi nazo ziya kuncipha ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yenkqubo engalinganiyo yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kwamagqabi ngexesha lokubuna, isiqu sinomthamo wamanzi ophezulu kunamagqabi, ngelixa iincam zamagqabi kunye nemiphetho zinomthamo wamanzi ophantsi kunesiseko samagqabi.

Ngoko ke, kwimveliso yokwenyani, ukulawulwa komgangatho wokufuma kumagqabi abunileyo kungaphezulu kwe-50%, kwaye ngokubanzi malunga ne-60% ifanelekile. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yokubuna kwaziwa “njengokubuna kwamagqabi amadala”, apho “ithenda” ibhekisa ekulawuleni ukufuma kwamagqabi amadala ukuba kuphakame kancinci kunoko kwamagqabi athambileyo ngexesha lokubuna, ukuze kube lula ukuqengqeleka nokumila.

Kukwakho nonxulumano oluthile phakathi kobushushu begqabi ngexesha lokuqengqeleka kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo zamagqabi. Xa ukushisa kweqabunga kuphezulu, i-molecular structure yezinto ezingaphakathi zikhululekile, kwaye ukuthamba, ukuqina, kunye neplastiki yamagqabi iphucula. Ngokukodwa kumagqabi amadala, anomxholo ophezulu we-cellulose kunye nokuthamba okungahambi kakuhle kunye neplastiki, ukushisa kweqabunga kuphezulu ngokulinganayo ngexesha lokuqengqeleka, okunempembelelo enkulu ekuphuculeni iimpawu ezibonakalayo zamagqabi amadala.

Inkqubo yokuqengqeleka kwamagqabi abe yimicu

Amagaqa amagqabi okuhlikihla kunye nokujija ahamba ngokufanayo ngesangqa esicaba kwibhakethi yokuxova. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo esidityanisiweyo sebhakethi yokuxova, isigqubuthelo esicinezelayo, idiskhi yokuxova, iimbambo, kunye namandla ahlukeneyo eqela leqabunga ngokwalo, amagqabi angaphakathi kweqela lamagqabi axinzelelwe macala onke, ebangela ukuba ahlikihle kwaye axove ecaleni kwawo. imithambo engundoqo ibe yimicu eqinileyo, engqukuva, negudileyo. Ngelo xesha, i-tissue yeqabunga yeqabunga iyaxutywa kwaye ityunyuzwe, ikhulise ukuthamba kunye neplastiki yamagqabi. Ngaxeshanye ucofe kwaye udibanise ijusi yeti ukuze ukwandise ukunamathela kwamagqabi. Zonke ezi zenze iimeko ezilungele ngakumbi ukwakheka kwamagqabi abe yimicu. Okukhona imibimbi kunye neepateni kwigqabi ngalinye, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba liqengqeleke libe yimicu eqinile.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala leiti emnyama iqengqeleka, amaqoqo amagqabi kufuneka afumane uxinzelelo, kodwa uxinzelelo akufanele lube phezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo olugqithisileyo, amagqabi asongwe phantsi koxinzelelo oluthe nkqo unilateral, kwaye amagqabi anobulukhuni obunzima athanda ukuqhekeka abe ngamaqhekeza kwimigoqo. Kunzima kakhulu ukugoba amagqabi asongiweyo okanye aqhekekileyo abe yimicu. Ke ngoko, ngexesha lenqanaba lokuqala lokuqengqeleka, kubalulekile ukulawula uxinzelelo lokukhanya. Njengoko inkqubo yokuqengqeleka iqhubela phambili, imibimbi kunye neepatheni zamagqabi aqengqelekayo zikhula ngokuthe ngcembe, ukuthamba, iplastiki, kunye ne-viscosity yanda, kwaye umthamo uyancipha. Ngeli xesha, ngokuthe ngcembe ukwandisa uxinzelelo, kwelinye icala, kubangela imibimbi kunye neepateni ezininzi emagqabini, okwenza imivimbo enzima; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunyusa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamagqabi kubangela amandla ahlukeneyo aphikisanayo asebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamagqabi kunye nezantya ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba, ezikhokelela ekuveliseni i-torque. Kangangokuba, umcu oshinyeneyo ujijeka ube ngumcu oqinileyo ngentshukumo yetorque.

Ngenxa yokuthamba kunye ne-viscosity ephezulu yamagqabi amathenda, banokungadingi ukuba bahambe kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokwenza imibimbi kwaye banokujijwa ngokuthe ngqo kwimicu eqinile. Ukuqina kwentambo, i-viscosity enkulu, i-friction enkulu, kunye ne-torque enkulu eyenziwe. Ukuba uxinzelelo luqhubekile luguqa kwaye lujike, imicu yamagqabi inokutyunyuzwa ngokunyanzeliswa. Ngeli xesha, ukuqengqeleka kunye nokujija kufuneka kumiswe, kwaye amaqabunga aqiniweyo afanele ahlulwe ngokusebenzisa indlela yokwahlula kunye ne-sieving. Kumagqabi amadala aneentambo ezirhabaxa kwaye ezikhululekileyo, umjikelo wesibini wokuqengqeleka kunye nokujijwa unokuqhutywa, kunye noxinzelelo olwandisiweyo lokuziqhelanisa namagqabi amadala anwebekayo, enze imibimbi ngakumbi, ukuguqulwa, kunye nokujija kube yimicu eqinile.

Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqengqeleka, amagqabi anokuthamba okuhle kunye ne-viscosity ephezulu athambekele ekubambeni kunye kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe aqengqeleka abe zii-clumps, eziye zibe ngqongqo kwaye ziqina phantsi koxinzelelo. Ezi clumps azikhuphuki lula ngexesha lokumisa, kwaye zivame ukubumba kunye nokonakala ngexesha lokugcinwa, okuchaphazela umgangatho webhetshi yonke yeti. Ukuba i-clumps iyancibilika kwakhona ngexesha lokumisa, iya kwenza ukuba imisonto egxininiswe ngokuqinileyo ibe rhabaxa kwaye ikhululeke okanye ingabikho kwimilo ye-strip, echaphazela ukubonakala kwamagqabi eti. Ke ngoko, kwinkqubo yokuqengqeleka kunye nokujija, indibaniselwano yoxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo oluxekekileyo kufuneka yamkelwe, oko kukuthi, emva kwemizuzu embalwa yoxinzelelo, ukuba amaqhuma anokuthi enze, uxinzelelo kufuneka lususwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukunyibilikisa amaqhuqhuva. phantsi kwempembelelo ye-rolling bucket movement. Emva kwemizuzu embalwa yoxinzelelo oluxekekileyo, ukuba amanyathelo oxinzelelo oluxekekileyo akakwazi ukutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo amaqhuma, ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa ukuhlolwa kunye nokuqengqeleka kwexesha elithile ukunyibilikisa izibonda.

Iimfuno zobugcisa zokuqengqeleka kunye nokujija

Ukuqulunqwa kweentambo zeqabunga eziphothiweyo ikakhulu ziziphumo zesenzo esidibeneyo soxinzelelo kunye nemikhosi yokuxubana. Amandla okukhuhlana abangela ukuba amagqabi aqengqeleke ecaleni komthambo ongundoqo abe yi-elliptical shape spiral, ngelixa uxinzelelo lunokonyusa amandla okukhuhlana kwaye lukhawulezise inkqubo yokuqinisa amagqabi abe yimicu. Ubukhulu boxinzelelo, ixesha kunye nexesha lokusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuphindaphinda kwesicelo zonke zinxulumene kwaye zixhomekeke enye, kwaye kufuneka zimiselwe ngokusekelwe kumgangatho, ubuninzi, kunye nomatshini wokuqengqeleka wamagqabi.

1. Iteknoloji yoxinzelelo

Uxinzelelo lunokwahluka ngokobunzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uxinzelelo lunzima kwaye iintambo ziboshwe ngokuqinileyo; Uxinzelelo lulula, kwaye iintambo zinzima kwaye zikhululekile. Kodwa uxinzelelo luphezulu kakhulu, kwaye amagqabi asicaba kwaye awangqukuva, anamaqhekeza amaninzi; Uxinzelelo luphantsi kakhulu, amagqabi atyebile kwaye akhululekile, kwaye akanako ukufikelela kwinjongo yokuxova. Amagqabi athambileyo, kwaye inani lamagqabi kufuneka libe lincinci. Uxinzelelo kufuneka lube lula; Amagqabi amadala, ngoko ke uxinzelelo kufuneka lube nzima.

Ingaba phantsi koxinzelelo olulula okanye olunzima, luhambelana nobude bexesha lokusetyenziswa koxinzelelo. Ixesha loxinzelelo lide kakhulu, kwaye amaqabunga ahlanjululwe kwaye aphukile; Ixesha loxinzelelo lifutshane kakhulu, kwaye amagqabi akhululekile kwaye anzima. Ixesha loxinzelelo lwamagqabi amathenda lifutshane, ngelixa ixesha loxinzelelo lwamagqabi amadala lide; Amagqabi amancinci abangela ixesha elifutshane loxinzelelo, ngelixa amagqabi amaninzi ekhokelela kwixesha elide loxinzelelo.

Ubude bexesha loxinzelelo luhambelana kakubi kunye nenani lemijikelezo yoxinzelelo. Imijikelezo yoxinzelelo oluninzi kunye nexesha elifutshane; Uxinzelelo lusetyenziswa ngaphantsi rhoqo kwaye ixesha elide. Inani lamaxesha oxinzelelo olusetyenziswayo lihambelana nomgangatho kunye nobuninzi bamagqabi. Ukuba umgangatho weqabunga uphantsi kwaye ubungakanani buncinci, inani lamaxesha oxinzelelo lincinci, kwaye ixesha loxinzelelo ngalunye lude; Amagqabi madala ngokomgangatho kwaye maninzi ngokobuninzi, kunye namaxesha oxinzelelo kunye nobude obufutshane ngexesha ngalinye. Inani lemijikelo yoxinzelelo kufuneka libe namaxesha amabini ubuncinci ukukhanya kunye nobunzima, kwaye kuninzi amaxesha amahlanu kukukhanya, ubunzima, ubunzima, ubunzima, kunye nokukhanya.

Kukho umahluko kwixesha loxinzelelo phakathi kwangoko kunye nasemva kwexesha. Uxinzelelo lwangaphambi kwexesha lubangela amagqabi acwebileyo nangengawo ajikelezayo; Kade kade, amagqabi ayakhululeka kodwa akaqini. Amagqabi maninzi kwaye anokunyanzeliswa kamva; Amagqabi madala kodwa ngokwemilinganiselo emincinci, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufake uxinzelelo kwangethuba. Ngamafutshane, ubukhulu, ubude, kunye nokuphindaphinda kwesicelo soxinzelelo, kunye nexesha lokusetyenziswa koxinzelelo, kufuneka lihluke ngokuxhomekeka kumgangatho wamagqabi kunye nexesha lokuqengqeleka. Ukubeka nje, ukunyanzeliswa kwamagqabi amathenda alula, anqabile, ahlala ixesha elifutshane, kwaye alibazisekile; ILao Ye ichasene.

2. Impembelelo yeumatshini wokuqengqa iti

Isantya somatshini wokuqengqeleka kufuneka silandele umgaqo wesantya esicothayo kunye nesantya esicothayo. Yehlisa isantya kuqala, ukuze ungasongi kwaye ungawatyumzi amagqabi, okanye uvelise ubushushu ngenxa yokuhlikihla okushushu okanye ukukhuhlana, okubangela ukuba ubushushu bamagqabi bunyuke ngokukhawuleza. Emva kwexesha, kukho amathuba aphezulu okuba incakuba ijiyile ibe kwimilo ejikelezayo, nto leyo enokwenza ukuba incakuba ibhijene. Nokuba icotha, iyakwazi ukukhulula amagqabi adityanisiweyo kwaye iqhube phambili ukuxova amagqabi ajijekileyo abe arawndi kwaye athe nkqo. Isakhiwo sethambo seplate yokuxova sihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuxova kwimicu. Iimbambo eziphantsi nezibanzi ezigobileyo zikulungele ukuxova amagqabi athambileyo namatsha, ngelixa amagqabi ashinyeneyo namadala kungekho lula ukwenza imicu xa exotshiwe; Ithambo elingu-angular liphezulu kwaye limxinwa, lilungele ukuxova amagqabi amadala namatsha, ngelixa ukuxova amagqabi acolekileyo kulula ukuwatyumza. Kungcono ukuba nesixhobo esishukumayo sokuxova iimbambo zomatshini wokuqengqeleka ukulungelelanisa iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wamagqabi.

Izinto ezichaphazela ukuqengqeleka kunye nokujija

1. Ubushushu kunye nokufuma

I-Rolling ifanelekile kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphakathi kunye nokufuma okuphezulu. Ubushushu begumbi akufuneki budlule kwi-25 ℃, kwaye ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kufuneka kube ngaphezulu kwe-95%. Ngenxa yobushushu obuveliswa kukuqengqeleka kunye nokukhuhlana, kunye ne-oxidation yamacandelo angaphakathi emagqabini, ubushushu bamagqabi aqengqelekayo buba ngu-3-9 ℃ ngaphezulu kobushushu begumbi. Ubushushu obuphezulu begqabi buqinisa ukusabela kwe-enzymatic oxidation yeekhompawundi zepolyphenolic, okukhokelela ekwandeni kokwakheka kwezinto ezipholima kakhulu, ezinciphisa ukuxinana kunye nobubomvu besuphu yeti, buthathaka incasa, kwaye zenze mnyama emazantsi amagqabi. Kwiintsuku ezishushu zasehlotyeni, amanyathelo afana neziselo zomhlaba kunye nesitshizi sangaphakathi angathathwa ukunciphisa ubushushu beworkshop yokuqengqeleka kunye nokunyusa ukufuma komoya.

2. Isixa sokutyisa amagqabi

Ubungakanani bokuxova kufuneka bufaneleke. Ukuba amagqabi amaninzi alayishiwe, amagqabi akulula ukujika kwaye angenza imicu ecaba, ekwathintela ukuchithwa kobushushu kwamagqabi kwaye ibangele ukuba ukushisa kweqabunga kunyuke ngokukhawuleza, kuchaphazela umgangatho weti emnyama. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba inani lamagqabi elongeziweyo lincinci kakhulu, kungekhona nje ukuba ukuveliswa kwemveliso kuya kuba phantsi, kodwa amaqabunga ajikeleziweyo nawo aya kumisa kwi-plate yokuxova, okukhokelela ekuphepheni okungahambi kakuhle kunye nokungakwazi ukufikelela kwisiphumo esihle sokuqengqeleka.

3. Ixesha lokuqengqeleka

Ukuqala kweamagqabi eti ayaqengqelekasisiqalo sokuvutshelwa kweti emnyama. Ukuba ixesha lokuqengqeleka lide kakhulu, i-enzymatic oxidation reaction ye-polyphenolic compounds iya kuba nzulu, izinga lokugcinwa kwe-polyphenolic compounds liya kuba liphantsi, kwaye umxholo we-theaflavins kunye ne-thearubigins uya kuba phantsi, okukhokelela kwincasa ebuthathaka kunye nokungabikho kombala obomvu. kwisuphu kunye namagqabi. Ukuba ixesha lokuqengqeleka lifutshane kakhulu, okokuqala, amagqabi kunzima ukwenza imicu, kwaye okwesibini, izinga lomonakalo kwizicubu zeseli yeqabunga aliphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwidigri yokubilisa eyaneleyo, ekhokelela kwivumba eliluhlaza kunye nephunga elimnandi leti emnyama. , kwaye umzantsi wamagqabi ujika ube mnyama. Ukufezekisa umgangatho omhle wetiyi emnyama, amaqabunga agqityiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo adinga ukuvuthwa ngokwahlukileyo kwigumbi lokuvumba ngeeyure ezingama-1-2. Ke ngoko, ngelixa uqinisekisa isivuno semicu yeti emnyama, ixesha lokuvutshelwa ngexesha lokuqengqeleka kufuneka lincitshiswe kangangoko.