Munguva yekutanga kugadzirwa kweblack tii, chigadzirwa chinopinda munhevedzano yekuchinja kwakaoma, kugadzira yakasarudzika ruvara, kunhuhwirira, kuravira, uye chimiro chemhando yemhando yeblack tii.
Withering
Witheringndiyo nzira yekutanga mukugadzira tii nhema. Mumamiriro ekunze ekunze, mashizha matsva anopararira kwenguva yakati rebei, kunyanya nekuda kwekubuda kwemvura. Sezvo nguva yekuoma ichirebesa, kuzviparadza kwega kwezvinhu mumashizha matsva kunosimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma. Nekurasikirwa kunoramba kuripo kwekunyorova kwemashizha, mashizha zvishoma nezvishoma anopera, mashizha emashizha anoshanduka kubva pakuoma kusvika kune akapfava, ruvara rweshizha runoshanduka kubva patsva girinhi kusvika kune yakasviba, uye mukati mukati uye kunhuhwirira kunoshandukawo. Iyi nzira inonzi kusvava.
Kusvava kwacho kunosanganisira kuchinja kwemuviri nemakemikari panguva yekusvava. Shanduko mbiri idzi dzakadyidzana uye dzinoganhurira. Kuchinja kwemuviri kunogona kukurudzira shanduko yemakemikari, kurambidza shanduko yemakemikari, uye kunyange kukanganisa zvigadzirwa zvekuchinja kwemakemikari.
Pane zvinopesana, kuchinja kwemakemikari kunokanganisawo kufambira mberi kwekuchinja kwemuviri. Shanduko, budiriro, uye kupindirana pakati pezviviri izvi zvinosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze akadai setembiricha nehunyoro. Kuti ugone dhigirii rekuoma uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemhando yetii, zvinonzwisisika tekinoroji matanho anofanirwa kutorwa.
1. Kuchinja kwomuviri kwokusvava
Kurasika kwemwando mutsva weshizha ndicho chinhu chikuru chekuchinja kwemuviri pakusvava. Mumamiriro ekunze ekunze, kusvava kwemukati kwemukati pasi pesimba rekugadzira kunoguma ne "kukurumidza, kunonoka, kukurumidza" maitiro emashizha matsva kusvava uye kurasikirwa nemvura. Muchikamu chekutanga, mvura yakasununguka mumashizha inoputika nokukurumidza; Muchikamu chechipiri, panguva yekuzviparadza kwezvinhu zvemukati uye kupararira kwemashizha emvura kumashizha, kubuda kwemvura kunononoka; Muchikamu chechitatu, mvura uye zvinhu zvemukati zvinotakurwa kubva padzinde kuenda kumashizha zvinozviodza zvoga kuti zviumbe mvura ine musanganiswa, pamwe chete nemvura yakasungwa inoburitswa necolloid solidification, uye kubuda kwemvura kunowedzera zvakare. Kana mamiriro ekunze asina kujairika kana kuti artificial control asina kuomesesa, kumhanya kwekubuda kwemvura yemashizha matsva panguva yekusvava kungasava nechokwadi. Withering tekinoroji ndiyo dhizaini yekutonga kweiyo evaporation maitiro ehunyoro hwemashizha.
Yakawanda yemvura iri mumashizha akasvava inobuda kuburikidza ne stomata kuseri kwemashizha, ukuwo chikamu chemvura chichibuda nepaburi reshizha. Nokudaro, iyo evaporation rate yemvura yakachena yemashizha haisi kungokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze, asiwo nekugadzirwa kwemashizha pachavo. Chiyero chekeratinization chemashizha ekare chakakwirira, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti mvura iparadze, nepo chiyero chekeratinization chemashizha maduku chakaderera, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti mvura iparadze.
Maererano netsvakurudzo, inopfuura hafu yemvura mumashizha maduku inoputika kuburikidza ne-underdeveloped cuticle layer, saka mashizha akwegura anorasikirwa nemvura zvishoma nezvishoma uye anosiya kurasikirwa nemvura nekukurumidza. Dzinde rine mvura yakawanda kudarika mashizha, asi kubuda kwemvura kubva padzinde kunononoka uye imwe yacho inoputika kuburikidza nekutakura kuenda kumashizha.
Sezvo hunyoro hwemashizha akasvava huchiderera, masero emashizha anorasikirwa nekuzvimba kwawo, huremu hwemashizha hunova hunyoro, uye nzvimbo yemashizha inoderera. Kana mashizha ari madiki, kunowedzera kuderera kwenzvimbo yemashizha. Maererano neManskaya data (Table 8-1), mushure mekusvava kwemaawa gumi nemaviri, shizha rekutanga rinosvava ne68%, rechipiri rinosvava ne58%, uye rechitatu rinosvava ne28%. Izvi zvine chekuita neakasiyana masero matishu zvimiro zvemashizha ane madhigirii akasiyana ehunyoro. Kana kusvava kukaramba kuchisvava, mvura inodzikira kusvika pamwero wakati, uye kunaka kweshizha kunoshanduka kubva pakupfava kuenda pakuoma uye kutetereka, kunyanya matipi nemicheto yebuds nemashizha zvinova zvakaoma uye brittle.
Musiyano mukurasikirwa kwemvura pakati pemabuds nemashizha zvinotungamira mukuoma kusina kufanana. Pane mamiriro maviri: imwe imhaka yekusanhonga kusafanana kwemashizha matsva, zvichikonzera mutsauko mukupfava pakati pebuds nemashizha, izvo zvisingakodzeri kuvandudza kunaka kwetii. Matanho matsva ekuyera mashizha anogona kutorwa kukunda izvi. Chechipiri, kunyangwe hunyoro hwakafanana, panogona kunge paine misiyano pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvebuds, mashizha, uye madzinde. Muchidimbu, dhigirii rekupera mvura mumuviri rine hukama, uye kusaenzana kwakaperera.
Shanduko yehunyoro hwemashizha akasvava chiratidzo chekuparara kwekupararira kwemvura kunokonzerwa nekutevedzana kwetea inoperahunyanzvi mamiriro akadai setembiricha, kupararira kweshizha ukobvu, nguva, uye kutenderera kwemhepo.
2. Kuoma mamiriro
Ese matanho ehunyanzvi anotorwa panguva yekusvava ane chinangwa chekuwana yunifomu uye ine mwero shanduko yemuviri nemakemikari mumashizha akasvava kuti asangane nemamiriro anodiwa pakuvirisa. Mamiriro ekunze anokanganisa kunaka kwemashizha akasvava kutanga kupfava kwemvura, kozoita pesvedzero yetembiricha, uye pakupedzisira kureba kwenguva. Pakati pavo, tembiricha inonyanya kukosha pamhando yemashizha akasvava.
a.Kubuda kwemvura
Nhanho yekutanga pakusvava ndeyekupfavisa mvura, uye kubuda kwemvura kunodyidzana nehunyoro hwemhepo. Kudzika kwemhepo humidity kunotungamirira kukurumidza kubuda kwehunyoro kubva pamashizha akaoma; Kana hunyoro hwemhepo hwakakwirira, kubuda kwemvura kunononoka. Mhedzisiro yekubuda kwemvura inosvava ndiko kuumbwa kwechikamu chakazara chemhute pamusoro pemashizha.
Kana hunyoro hwemhepo hwakaderera, kureva kuti, kune hupfu hwemvura huzhinji hunogona kuwanikwa mumhepo, uye mhute yemvura pamashizha inogona kukurumidza kupararira mumhepo, hapazovi nemhepo yekuzara kwemhepo pamashizha, uye kuchinja kwemuviri kwemashizha akasvava kuchaenderera mberi nekukurumidza. Zvechokwadi, kuzara kwemhute yemvura mumhepo kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekupisa kwemhepo. Kana tembiricha yakakwira, ndipo panobva pawedzera mhute yemvura inotorwa nemhepo, zvichiita kuti zviome kuita saturated state yemhute pamusoro pemashizha.
Nokudaro, nehuwandu hwehuputi hwemvura mumhepo, kana tembiricha yakakwira, hunyoro hunenge hwakaderera; Kana tembiricha yadzikira, hunyoro hunoenderana nepamusoro. Saka tembiricha yepamusoro inomhanyisa kubuda kwemvura.
Kufefetedza chinhu chakakosha chekuoma kwakajairika. Kana iyo inosvava kamuri yakavharwa uye isina mhepo, panguva yekutanga nhanho yekudziya kusvava, iyo yakaderera hunyoro hunyoro hwemhepo inomhanyisa vaporization yekunyorova mumashizha akasvava. Sezvo nguva yekuoma ichirebesa, huwandu hwemhute yemvura mumhepo hunowedzera, hunyoro hunoenderana hunowedzera, kunyungudika uye kunyungudutswa kwemvura zvishoma nezvishoma kunosvika pakuenzana, tembiricha yeshizha inowedzera, kupenya kweakasvava sero membrane inowedzera, basa re ma enzymes anosimbisa, shanduko yemakemikari inowedzera, uye kuparara kwega uye oxidation shanduko yezviri mukati inoshanduka kubva pakunonoka kuenda kune yakanyanya, zvichikonzera shanduko yemakemikari. kusvava kukura munzira inoparara, uye mumatambudziko akaoma, kutsvukuruka kwemashizha akaoma kunogona kuitika.
Saka, mumbamashizha etii anosvava, kunyanya kupisa kuoma, kunofanira kuperekedzwa nehumwe huwandu hwemhepo. Mhepo inoyerera inovhuvhuta nepakati pemashizha akasvava, ichitakura mhute yemvura pamusoro peshizha, ichigadzira hunyoro hwakadzikama hwakatenderedza mashizha, zvichiwedzera kukurumidza kubuda kwemwando wemashizha. Kubuda kwemvura kubva kumashizha akaoma kunoda kutorwa kweimwe huwandu hwekupisa, izvo zvinoderedza kuwedzera kwekushisa kwemashizha. Kukura kwemhepo, ndiko kukurumidza kwekubuda kwemvura, kunononoka kukwira kwekushisa kwemashizha, uye kunonoka kwekemikari kuchinja kwemashizha akaoma.
Kuti ukunde pesvedzero yemamiriro ekunze ekunze pakusvava, midziyo yekuomesa yekugadzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira, semichina inooma, matangi ari kusvava, nezvimwewo, zvese zvine majenareta emhepo inopisa uye anogona kugadzirisa tembiricha uye huwandu hwemhepo. Huwandu hwemhepo hwechigero chinosvava kazhinji hunobva pamusimboti wekusaputitsa "maburi" muchikamu cheshizha akapararira.
Zvikasadaro, mhepo ichaisa mukati me "maburi" ari mushizha reshizha, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwemhepo yekumanikidza uye kupararira kwemabuds uye mashizha akapoteredza mubhedha wakaoma. Huwandu hwemhepo hunoenderana zvakanyanya nemhepo inopindirana yeblade layer. Kana mhepo inopindirana ye blade layer yakanaka, mhepo yemhepo inogona kuva yakakura, uye zvakasiyana, inofanira kuva duku. Kana mashizha matsva akanyorova, mashizha uye mashizha ari maduku, mashizha emashizha ari compact, uye kufema kwakashata; Kufema kwemashizha muchikamu chekupedzisira chekuoma kunodererawo, uye huwandu hwemhepo hunofanira kuva hudiki. Huwandu hwemhepo idiki, uye tembiricha inofanira kuderera zvinoenderana. Nheyo yekushanda kwekuoma ndeyekutanga kuwedzera huwandu hwemhepo uye wozoidzikisa, uye kutanga wawedzera tembiricha wozodzikisira. Naizvozvo, pane zvimwe zvinodiwa pakukora kweblade yegoroko rinosvava, iro kazhinji harifanirwe kudarika 15-20 cm. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuti uwane yunifomu kuoma kwemashizha munzvimbo dzepamusoro uye dzezasi dzeshizha shizha, kusanganiswa kwemanyorero kunodiwawo panguva yekuoma.
b.Withering temperature
Tembiricha ndiyo mamiriro makuru ekusvava. Munguva yekuoma kwekuita, shanduko ye physicochemical yemashizha matsva inoenderana zvakanyanya nekupisa. Nekuwedzera kwekushisa, tembiricha yemashizha inokwira nekukurumidza, kubuda kwemvura kunowedzera, nguva yekuoma inopfupika, uye maitiro ekuchinja kwemuviri nemakemikari anowedzera. Kana tembiricha yakanyanyisa, zvinokonzeresa kusimba kwekuchinja kwemakemikari mune zviri mukati memashizha akasvava. Naizvozvo, zvinokurudzirwa kudzora tembiricha yemhepo iri pasi pe35 ℃ panguva yekusvava, zviri nani 30-32 ℃, kunyanya kumashizha matsva emarudzi makuru emashizha, sezvo tembiricha yepamusoro yemashizha inogona kukonzera kuoma uye kutsva mazano ekupfura.
Iyo tembiricha inosvava inokanganisa shanduko yebasa reendogenous enzymes mumashizha akasvava, izvo zvinozokanganisa chiyero chekuita kwemakemikari yezvinhu zvirimo. Kunze kweiyo base acid, mamwe macommunitions ane mashoma mutsauko mukati meiyo 23-33 ℃. Kana tembiricha ichikwira pamusoro pe33 ℃, zviri mukati memakomisheni zvinodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma nekuwedzera kwekushisa, izvo zvisingaenderane nemhando yemashizha akasvava.
Tembiricha uye vhoriyamu yemhepo zvine hukama zvakanyanya nekuchinja kwemuviri uye kemikari kwekusvava, nehukama hukuru pakati petembiricha nekuchinja kwemakemikari, uye kuwirirana kukuru pakati pehuwandu hwemhepo uye shanduko yemuviri. Nekugadzirisa tembiricha uye vhoriyamu yemhepo, kufambira mberi kweiyo physicochemical shanduko mumashizha anosvava anogona kudzorwa. Zvinokurudzirwa kutora mutemo wekushanda we "kuwedzera mhepo yemhepo kutanga uye kuderera" uye "kuwedzera tembiricha kutanga uye kuderera". Kubata imwe nguva yenguva kunogona kuzadzisa danho rinodiwa.
3. Kupedza nguva
Mhedzisiro yekusvava nguva pane physicochemical shanduko yemashizha akasvava inosiyana nekuda kwemamiriro akasiyana senge tembiricha uye kupararira kwemashizha. Mukati menguva imwecheteyo, chiyero chekurasikirwa kwehuremu hwemashizha akasvava chinosiyana nekupisa kwakasiyana, uye kukanganisa kwemakemikari avo kuchinja uye kunaka kwakasiyanawo.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-21-2024