Nyuma yo gufata icyayi, birasanzwe kwirinda ikibazo cyagutema ibiti by'icyayi. Uyu munsi, reka twumve impamvu gutema ibiti byicyayi ari ngombwa nuburyo bwo kubitema?

1. Physiologique ishingiro yo gutema ibiti byicyayi

Ibiti by'icyayi bifite ibiranga inyungu zo gukura neza. Imikurire idasanzwe yurwego nyamukuru irihuta, mugihe amababi yinyuma akura buhoro cyangwa agasinzira. Inyungu zidasanzwe zirinda kumera kumera cyangwa kubuza gukura kwamashami yinyuma. Mugukata kugirango ukureho inyungu zo hejuru, ingaruka zo guhagarika ingemwe zo hejuru kumutwe wuruhande zirashobora gukurwaho. Gutema ibiti byicyayi birashobora kugabanya imyaka yiterambere ryibiti byicyayi, bityo bikagarura imikurire nubuzima. Kubijyanye no gukura kwicyayi cyicyayi, gutema bigabanya uburinganire bwimiterere hagati yubutaka nubutaka, bigira uruhare mukuzamura imikurire yubutaka. Muri icyo gihe, imikurire ikomeye yikamba ryibiti ikora ibicuruzwa byinshi, kandi sisitemu yumuzi irashobora kandi kubona intungamubiri nyinshi, bigatuma iterambere ryimikorere ya sisitemu.

Byongeye kandi, gutema bigira ingaruka zikomeye muguhindura igipimo cya azote no guteza imbere intungamubiri. Amababi meza yibiti byicyayi afite azote nyinshi, mugihe amababi ashaje afite karubone nyinshi. Niba amashami yo hejuru adaciwe igihe kirekire, amashami azasaza, karubone yiyongera, ibirimo azote bizagabanuka, igipimo cya karubone na azote kizaba kinini, gukura kwintungamubiri kugabanuka, indabyo n'imbuto biziyongera. Gukata birashobora kugabanya aho imikurire yibiti byicyayi ikura, kandi amazi nintungamubiri zinjizwa mumizi biziyongera. Nyuma yo guca amashami amwe, karubone igereranije na azote ishami ryamashami mashya izaba nto, ibyo bizashimangira gukura kwimirire yibice byo hejuru.

2. Igihe cyo gutema ibiti byicyayi

Gutema ibiti byicyayi mbere yuko bimera mugihe cyizuba nikigihe gifite ingaruka nkeya kumubiri wigiti. Muri iki gihe, hari ibikoresho bihagije byo kubika mu mizi, kandi ni nigihe ubushyuhe bugenda bwiyongera buhoro buhoro, imvura iba myinshi, kandi imikurire yibiti byicyayi irakwiriye. Muri icyo gihe, impeshyi nintangiriro yumwaka ukura, kandi gutema bituma amashami mashya agira igihe kirekire kugirango akure neza.

Guhitamo igihe cyo gutema nabyo bigomba kugenwa n’imiterere y’ikirere mu turere dutandukanye. Mu bice bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mwaka, gutema birashobora gukorwa igihe cyicyayi kirangiye; Ahantu h'icyayi hamwe n’icyayi cyo mu butumburuke bw’icyayi aho usanga hari ikibazo cy’ubukonje bw’imbeho mu gihe cy'itumba, gutema imbeho bigomba gusubikwa. Ariko hari kandi uduce tumwe na tumwe dukoresha kugabanya uburebure bwikamba ryigiti kugirango tunoze ubukonje hagamijwe gukumira amashami yubuso bwikamba ryibiti gukonja. Uku gutema nibyiza gukorwa mugihe cyizuba gitinze; Ahantu h'icyayi hamwe nigihe cyizuba nimvura ntigomba gutemwa mbere yigihe cyizuba, bitabaye ibyo bizagora kumera nyuma yo gutema.

3. Uburyo bwo gutema ibiti byicyayi

Gutema ibiti byicyayi bikuze bikorwa hashingiwe ku gutema neza, cyane cyane hifashishijwe uburyo bwo gutema urumuri no gutema byimbitse kugirango ukomeze gukura gukomeye hamwe no gutoranya ikamba ryiza hejuru yigiti cyicyayi, hamwe nimbuto nyinshi kandi zikomeye, kugirango bikomeze ibyiza byo gutanga umusaruro urambye.

Gutema urumuri: Mubisanzwe, gutema urumuri bikorwa rimwe mu mwaka hejuru yisarurwa ryikamba ryicyayi, hamwe nuburebure bwa cm 3-5 uhereye kumatembere yabanje. Niba ikamba rifite isuku kandi rikomeye, gutema birashobora gukorwa rimwe mumwaka. Intego yo gutema urumuri ni ukubungabunga urufatiro rwiza kandi rukomeye rwo kumera hejuru yicyayi cyicyayi, guteza imbere intungamubiri, no kugabanya indabyo n'imbuto. Mubisanzwe, nyuma yo gutora icyayi cyimpeshyi, gutema urumuri birahita bikorwa, bigaca imishitsi yimpeshyi yumwaka ushize hamwe nizuba ryizuba ryumwaka ushize.

Gutema byimbitse: Nyuma yimyaka yo gutoragura no gutema urumuri, amashami menshi mato kandi apfunditse akura hejuru yikamba ryigiti. Bitewe nudusimba twinshi, tubuza gutanga intungamubiri, imimero namababi byakozwe ni bito kandi bito, hamwe namababi menshi ashyizwe hagati yabyo, bishobora kugabanya umusaruro nubwiza. Kubwibyo, buri myaka mike, mugihe igiti cyicyayi kibonye ibintu byavuzwe haruguru, hagomba gukorwa gutemwa byimbitse, guca igiti cyamashami yinkoko yinkoko cm 10-15 zubujyakuzimu hejuru yikamba kugirango igarure imbaraga zigiti kandi zongere ubushobozi bwo kumera. Nyuma yo gutemagura cyane, komeza hamwe no gutema bike. Niba amashami y'ibirenge by'inkoko yongeye kugaragara mugihe kizaza, bigatuma igabanuka ry'umusaruro, hashobora gukorwa ikindi gihingwa cyimbitse. Uku guhinduranya inshuro nyinshi birashobora gukomeza imbaraga zo gukura kwibiti byicyayi kandi bigatanga umusaruro mwinshi. Gutema cyane mubisanzwe bibaho mbere yicyayi.

Byombi ibikoresho byoroheje kandi byimbitse bikoreshwa hamwe nauruzitiro, hamwe nicyuma gityaye no gukata neza kugirango wirinde guca amashami no kugira ingaruka ku gukira ibikomere bishoboka.

4.Ubufatanye hagati yo gutema ibiti byicyayi nizindi ngamba

(1) Igomba guhuzwa cyane nifumbire nogucunga amazi. Gukoresha byimbitseifumbiren'ifumbire ya fosifore potassium mbere yo gutema, no kuyikoresha mugihe gikwiye mugihe imishitsi mishya imaze kumera nyuma yo gutema irashobora gutera imbere gukura vuba kandi vuba kumashami mashya, bikagira ingaruka ziteganijwe zo gutema;

(2) Igomba guhuzwa no gusarura no kubungabunga. Bitewe no gukata cyane, ubuso bwamababi yicyayi buragabanuka, kandi ubuso bwa fotosintetike buragabanuka. Amashami yumusaruro uri munsi yubuso muri rusange ni gake kandi ntashobora gukora ubuso bwo gutoranya. Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe kugumana no kongera umubyimba wamashami, kandi hashingiwe kuri ibyo, kumera amashami yikura rya kabiri, no guhinga ubuso bwo gutoragura ukoresheje gutema; (3) Igomba guhuzwa ningamba zo kurwanya udukoko. Birakenewe kugenzura byihuse no kugenzura icyayi cya aphide, geometrike yicyayi, inyenzi zicyayi, nibibabi byicyayi byangiza imishitsi. Amashami n'ibibabi byasigaye inyuma mugihe cyo kuvugurura no kuvugurura ibiti byicyayi bishaje bigomba guhita bivanwa mu busitani kugira ngo bivurwe, kandi ubutaka bukikije ibiti n’ibiti by’icyayi bigomba guterwa neza hamwe n’imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo bikureho ubworozi bw’indwara n’udukoko.