Shyigikira Scroll.in Inkunga yawe yibibazo: Ubuhinde bukeneye itangazamakuru ryigenga kandi itangazamakuru ryigenga riragukeneye.
“Uyu munsi ushobora gukora iki n'amafaranga 200?” abaza Joshula Gurung, utoragura icyayi mu isambu ya CD Block Ging i Pulbazar, Darjeeling, yinjiza amafaranga 232 ku munsi. Yavuze ko inzira imwe mu modoka isanganywe ari amafaranga 400 yerekeza i Siliguri, ku birometero 60 uvuye i Darjeeling, ndetse n'umujyi munini wegereye abakozi bavurirwa indwara zikomeye.
Uku nukuri kwabakozi ibihumbi icumi kumurima wicyayi wa Bengal ya ruguru, muribo hejuru ya 50% ni abagore. Raporo yacu i Darjeeling yerekanaga ko bahembwaga umushahara muto, bagengwa na gahunda y’imirimo ya gikoroni, nta burenganzira bafite ku butaka, kandi bakaba bafite uburenganzira buke kuri gahunda za leta.
Raporo ya komite ihoraho y'abadepite mu 2022 yagize ati: "Imikorere mibi n'imibereho idahwitse y'abakozi b'icyayi biributsa imirimo idahwitse yashyizweho na ba nyir'ibihingwa by'Abongereza mu gihe cy'ubukoloni."
Bavuga ko abakozi bagerageza kuzamura imibereho yabo, kandi abahanga barabyemera. Abakozi benshi bahugura abana babo bakabohereza gukora kumirima. Twasanze nabo barwanira umushahara muto ntarengwa no gutunga ubutaka kubasekuruza babo.
Ariko ubuzima bwabo bumaze guhura nibibazo byinshi bitewe n’inganda z’icyayi cya Darjeeling bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, irushanwa rituruka ku cyayi gihenze, ihungabana ry’isoko ku isi ndetse n’umusaruro ugabanuka kandi dusaba ko dusobanura muri izi ngingo zombi. Ingingo ya mbere ni igice cyurukurikirane. Igice cya kabiri nicyanyuma bizibanda kubibazo byabakozi bahinga icyayi.
Kuva hashyirwaho itegeko rivugurura ubutaka mu 1955, ubutaka bwo guhingamo icyayi muri Bengal ya ruguru nta nyito bufite ariko bukodeshwa. Ubutegetsi bwa Leta.
Mu bisekuru, abakora icyayi bubatse amazu yabo ku butaka ku buntu ku mirima yo mu turere twa Darjeeling, Duars na Terai.
N'ubwo nta mibare yemewe yatanzwe n’inama y’icyayi y’Ubuhinde, nk’uko raporo y’inama y’abakozi ishinzwe uburengerazuba bw’umwaka wa 2013 ibigaragaza, abaturage b’imirima minini y’icyayi y’imisozi ya Darjeeling Hills, Terai na Durs bari 11,24,907, muri bo 2.62.426. bari abaturage bahoraho ndetse barenga 70.000+ abakozi b'igihe gito n'amasezerano.
Nkibisigisigi byahise byabakoloni, ba nyirubwite babitegetse ko imiryango ituye muri iyo sambu yohereza byibuze umunyamuryango umwe gukora mu busitani bwicyayi cyangwa bakabura inzu yabo. Abakozi nta burenganzira bafite ku butaka, bityo rero nta cyemezo cyitiriwe parja-patta.
Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwiswe “Exploitation Labor in Tea Plantations of Darjeeling” bwasohowe mu 2021, kubera ko akazi gahoraho mu gihingwa cy’icyayi cya Bengal ya ruguru gishobora kuboneka gusa binyuze mu buvandimwe, isoko ry’umurimo ku buntu kandi rifunguye ntabwo ryigeze rishoboka, biganisha kuri mpuzamahanga ku mirimo y'uburetwa. Ikinyamakuru cyo gucunga amategeko nubumuntu. ”
Abatoragura ubu bahembwa amafaranga 232 kumunsi. Nyuma yo gukuramo amafaranga yinjira mu kigega cyo kuzigama cy'abakozi, abakozi bahabwa amafaranga agera kuri 200, bavuga ko bidahagije kubaho kandi bidahuye n'akazi bakora.
Nk’uko byatangajwe na Mohan Chirimar, Umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'icyayi cya Singtom, ngo umubare w'abadahari ku bakozi b'icyayi muri Bengaliya y'Amajyaruguru urenga 40%. Ati: “Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy'abakozi bacu bo mu busitani ntibagikora ku kazi.”
Sumendra Tamang, uharanira uburenganzira bw'abakozi b'icyayi muri Bengaliya y'Amajyaruguru yagize ati: "Umubare muto w'amasaha umunani y'akazi gakomeye kandi kabuhariwe ni yo mpamvu abakozi bo mu mirima y'icyayi bagabanuka buri munsi." Ati: "Ni ibisanzwe ko abantu basiba akazi mu gihingwa cy'icyayi bagakorera muri MGNREGA [gahunda ya leta ishinzwe imirimo yo mu cyaro] cyangwa ahandi hose umushahara uri hejuru."
Joshila Gurung wo mu gihingwa cy'icyayi cya Ging i Darjeeling na bagenzi be Sunita Biki na Chandramati Tamang bavuze ko icyifuzo cyabo nyamukuru ari ukongera umushahara muto ku bihingwa by'icyayi.
Dukurikije uruzinduko ruheruka gutangwa n’ibiro bya komiseri w’umurimo muri guverinoma y’iburengerazuba bwa Burengerazuba, umushahara muto wa buri munsi ku bakozi b’ubuhinzi badafite ubuhanga ugomba kuba 284 utiriwe urya na 264 hamwe n’ifunguro.
Icyakora, umushahara w'abakozi b'icyayi ugenwa n'inteko y'ibihugu bitatu yitabiriwe n'abahagarariye amashyirahamwe y'abafite icyayi, ihuriro ndetse n'abayobozi ba leta. Ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe yashakaga gushyiraho umushahara mushya wa buri munsi w’amafaranga 240, ariko muri Kamena guverinoma ya Bengal y’Iburengerazuba yatangaje ko ari 232.
Rakesh Sarki, umuyobozi w’abatoragura ahitwa Happy Valley, igihingwa cy’icyayi cya kabiri cya Darjeeling, na we yinubira umushahara udasanzwe. Ati: “Ntabwo twigeze duhembwa buri gihe kuva mu 2017. Baduha amafaranga rimwe mu mezi abiri cyangwa atatu. Rimwe na rimwe haba hari igihe kirekire cyo gutinda, kandi ni ko bimeze no ku gihingwa cyose cy'icyayi ku musozi. ”
Dawa Sherpa, umunyeshuri wa dogiteri w'ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu by'ubukungu yagize ati: "Urebye ifaranga rihoraho ndetse n’ubukungu muri rusange mu Buhinde, ntibishoboka ko umukozi w’icyayi ashobora kwibeshaho n'umuryango we ku mafaranga 200 ku munsi". Ubushakashatsi no gutegura mubuhinde. Kaminuza ya Jawaharlal Nehru, ukomoka muri Kursong. Ati: “Darjeeling na Assam bafite umushahara muto ku bakozi b'icyayi. Mu gihingwa cy'icyayi mu baturanyi ba Sikkim, abakozi binjiza amafaranga 500 ku munsi. Muri Kerala, umushahara wa buri munsi urenga amafaranga 400, ndetse no muri Tamil Nadu, kandi hafi 350. ”
Raporo yo mu 2022 yaturutse muri komite ishinzwe inteko ishinga amategeko ihoraho yasabye ko hashyirwa mu bikorwa amategeko agenga umushahara muto ku bakozi bahinga icyayi, avuga ko umushahara wa buri munsi mu gihingwa cy’icyayi cya Darjeeling “ari umwe mu mushahara muto ku mukozi wese w’inganda mu gihugu”.
Umushahara ni muke kandi udafite umutekano, niyo mpamvu abakozi ibihumbi nka Rakesh na Joshira baca intege abana babo gukora kumurima wicyayi. Ati: “Turimo gukora cyane kugira ngo twigishe abana bacu. Ntabwo ari uburere bwiza, ariko byibuze barashobora gusoma no kwandika. Kuki bagomba kumena amagufwa yabo kugira ngo bahembwa make ku gihingwa cy'icyayi, ”ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Joshira, umuhungu we akaba umutetsi i Bangalore. Yizera ko abakozi b'icyayi bagiye bakoreshwa ibisekuruza byinshi kubera kutamenya gusoma no kwandika. “Abana bacu bagomba guca urunigi.”
Usibye umushahara, abakozi bo mu busitani bw'icyayi bafite uburenganzira bwo kubika amafaranga, pansiyo, amazu, kwivuza ku buntu, uburezi ku buntu ku bana babo, pepiniyeri ku bakozi b'abakobwa, lisansi, n'ibikoresho byo gukingira nka feri, umutaka, amakoti y'imvura, n'inkweto ndende. Nk’uko iyi raporo iyoboye, umushahara rusange w'aba bakozi ugera ku mafaranga 350 ku munsi. Abakoresha basabwa kandi kwishyura ibihembo byumwaka wa Durga Puja.
Darjeeling Organic Tea Estates Private Limited, yahoze ari nyir'imitungo nibura 10 yo mu majyaruguru ya Bengal, harimo na Happy Valley, yagurishije ubusitani bwayo muri Nzeri, hasigara abakozi barenga 6.500 badafite umushahara, amafaranga yabigenewe, inama na bonus.
Mu Kwakira, Darjeeling Organic Tea Plantation Sdn Bhd amaherezo yagurishije bitandatu muri 10 byatewe nicyayi. Ati: “Ba nyir'ubwite bashya ntabwo bishyuye amafaranga yose yatanzwe. Umushahara nturahembwa kandi honyine hishyuwe agahimbazamusyi ka Pujo, ”ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Sarkey wo mu kibaya cya Happy.
Sobhadebi Tamang yavuze ko uko ibintu bimeze ubu bimeze nk'ubusitani bw'icyayi cya Peshok munsi ya nyir'umushinga mushya w'icyayi wa Silicon. Ati: “Mama yagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru, ariko CPF n'inama biracyari byiza. Ubuyobozi bushya bwiyemeje kwishyura imisanzu yacu yose mu byiciro bitatu bitarenze ku ya 31 Nyakanga [2023]. ”
Umuyobozi we, Pesang Norbu Tamang, yavuze ko ba nyir'ubwite bashya batarahatura kandi ko vuba bazishyura imisanzu yabo, yongeraho ko igihembo cya Pujo cyatanzwe ku gihe. Mugenzi wa Sobhadebi Sushila Rai yahise asubiza. “Ntabwo banatwishyuye neza.”
Ati: "Umushahara wa buri munsi wari amafaranga 202, ariko guverinoma yazamuye igera ku 232. Nubwo ba nyir'ubwite bamenyeshejwe ko izamuka ryabaye muri Kamena, twemerewe umushahara mushya guhera muri Mutarama". “Nyir'ubwite ntabwo yishyuye.”
Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2021 bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru mpuzamahanga gishinzwe imiyoborere n’ubumenyamuntu, abashinzwe guhinga icyayi bakunze gukoresha intwaro ububabare buterwa n’ifungwa ry’icyayi, bakangisha abakozi iyo basabye umushahara uteganijwe cyangwa bazamurwa. Ati: “Iri terabwoba ryo gufunga rishyira ikibazo ku buyobozi kandi abakozi bagomba kubyubahiriza.”
Murwanashyaka Tamang yagize ati: "Abakinnyi b'amakipe ntibigeze babona amafaranga n'inama nyayo… nubwo baba [ba nyirayo] bahatiwe kubikora, bahora bahembwa make ugereranyije n'abakozi babonye mu gihe cy'ubucakara."
Kuba abakozi bafite ubutaka ni ikibazo gishyamirana hagati y'abahinzi b'icyayi n'abakozi. Ba nyir'ubwite bavuga ko abantu babika amazu yabo ku gihingwa cy'icyayi kabone niyo baba badakora ku mirima, mu gihe abakozi bavuga ko bagomba guhabwa uburenganzira ku butaka kuko imiryango yabo yamye iba ku butaka.
Chirimar wo mu cyayi cya Singtom yavuze ko abantu barenga 40 ku ijana by'abatuye icyayi cya Singtom batakiri ubusitani. Ati: “Abantu bajya muri Singapuru na Dubai ku kazi, kandi imiryango yabo hano ikabona inyungu ku miturire ku buntu… Ubu leta igomba gufata ingamba zikomeye kugira ngo buri muryango uri mu cyayi wohereze byibuze umunyamuryango umwe gukora mu busitani. Genda ukore, nta kibazo dufite. ”
Umunyamerika Sunil Rai, umunyamabanga uhuriweho n’urugaga rwa Terai Dooars Chia Kaman Mazdoor i Darjeeling, yavuze ko amazu y’icyayi atanga “nta cyemezo cy’inzitizi” ku bakozi babemerera kubaka amazu yabo ku cyayi. “Kuki bavuye mu nzu bubatse?”
Rai, akaba kandi n'umuvugizi w’ihuriro ry’ubumwe (Hills), ihuriro ry’abakozi ry’imitwe ya politiki myinshi yo mu turere twa Darjeeling na Kalimpong, yavuze ko abakozi nta burenganzira bafite ku butaka amazu yabo ahagararaho ndetse n’uburenganzira bwabo kuri parja-patta ( igihe kirekire gisaba ibyangombwa byemeza nyir'ubutaka) ntibyirengagijwe.
Kubera ko badafite ibyemezo byubukode cyangwa ubukode, abakozi ntibashobora kwandikisha imitungo yabo muri gahunda yubwishingizi.
Manju Rai, umuterankunga mu isambu y'icyayi ya Tukvar mu gice cya CD Pulbazar cya Darjeeling, ntabwo yahawe indishyi z'inzu ye, yangiritse cyane kubera inkangu. Ati: "Inzu nubatsemo yarasenyutse [biturutse ku nkangu mu mwaka ushize]", akomeza avuga ko inkoni z'imigano, imifuka ya jute ishaje hamwe n'igitereko cyarokoye inzu ye kurimbuka burundu. “Nta mafaranga mfite yo kubaka indi nzu. Abahungu banjye bombi bakora mu bwikorezi. Ndetse amafaranga yinjiza ntabwo ahagije. Imfashanyo iyo ari yo yose yatanzwe na sosiyete yaba nziza. ”
Raporo ya Komisiyo ihoraho y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yavuze ko ubwo buryo “bubangamira byimazeyo imigendekere y’ivugurura ry’ubutaka mu gihugu kibuza abakozi b’icyayi kubona uburenganzira bwabo bw’ubutaka nubwo imyaka irindwi yigenga.”
Rai avuga ko icyifuzo cya parja patta cyiyongereye kuva mu 2013. Yavuze ko mu gihe abayobozi n'abanyapolitiki batowe kugeza ubu baretse abakozi b'icyayi bakagabanuka, bagomba nibura kuvuga ku bakozi b'icyayi kugeza ubu, avuga ko umudepite wa Darjeeling Raju Bista afite yashyizeho itegeko ryo gutanga parja patta ku bakozi b'icyayi. ” . Ibihe birahinduka, nubwo buhoro buhoro. ”
Dibyendu Bhattacharya, umunyamabanga uhuriweho na minisiteri y’ubutaka n’ubuhinzi n’impunzi n’ubuhinzi n’impunzi, gutabara no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe ibibazo by’ubutaka i Darjeeling munsi y’ibiro bimwe by’umunyamabanga wa minisiteri, yanze kugira icyo avuga kuri iki kibazo. Guhamagarwa kenshi byari: “Ntabwo nemerewe kuvugana n'itangazamakuru.”
Bisabwe n'ubunyamabanga, imeri kandi yohererezwa umunyamabanga ufite ikibazo kirambuye kibaza impamvu abakozi b'icyayi batahawe uburenganzira ku butaka. Tuzavugurura inkuru mugihe asubije.
Rajeshvi Pradhan, umwanditsi wo muri kaminuza nkuru y’amategeko ya Rajiv Gandhi, yanditse mu nyandiko yo mu 2021 yerekeranye no gukoreshwa ati: “Kuba nta soko ry’umurimo no kutagira uburenganzira ku butaka ku bakozi ntibitanga akazi gahendutse gusa ahubwo binakora ku gahato. Abakozi bo guhinga icyayi cya Darjeeling. Ati: “Kubura amahirwe yo kubona akazi hafi y’imitungo, hamwe no gutinya gutakaza amazu yabo, byongereye uburetwa.”
Abahanga bavuga ko intandaro y’ibibazo by’abakozi b’icyayi biterwa no kubahiriza nabi cyangwa kudashyira mu bikorwa itegeko ry’umurimo wo guhinga 1951. Ibihingwa byose byicyayi byanditswe nubuyobozi bwicyayi cyu Buhinde muri Darjeeling, Terai na Duars bigengwa niri tegeko. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakozi bahoraho nimiryango yose muri ubwo busitani nabo bafite uburenganzira bwo kubona inyungu nkuko amategeko abiteganya.
Mu itegeko ry’umurimo wo guhinga, 1956, guverinoma ya Bengal y’iburengerazuba yashyizeho itegeko ry’umurimo w’ibihingwa by’iburengerazuba, 1956 kugira ngo rishyireho itegeko rikuru. Icyakora, Sherpas na Tamang bavuga ko amazu hafi ya 449 manini ya Bengal ya ruguru ashobora gusuzugura byoroshye amategeko yo hagati na leta.
Itegeko ry'umurimo wo guhinga rivuga ko “umukoresha wese ashinzwe gutanga no kubungabunga amazu ahagije ku bakozi bose ndetse n'abagize imiryango yabo baba ku gihingwa.” Abafite igihingwa cy'icyayi bavuze ko ubutaka batanze mu myaka 100 ishize ari amazu yabo y'abakozi n'imiryango yabo.
Ku rundi ruhande, abahinzi b’icyayi barenga 150 bato bato ntibita no ku itegeko ry’umurimo wo guhinga ryo mu 1951 kuko bakora kuri hegitari zitarenze 5 batabitegetse, Sherpa.
Manju, amazu ye yangijwe n'inkangu, afite uburenganzira bwo kwishyurwa hakurikijwe itegeko rigenga umurimo wo guhinga mu 1951. Ati: “Yatanze ibyifuzo bibiri, ariko nyir'ubwite ntiyabyitaho. Ibi birashobora kwirindwa byoroshye mugihe isambu yacu ibonye parja patta, "ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Ram Subba, umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'icyayi cya Tukvar Manju, n'abandi batoragura.
Komite y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ihoraho yavuze ko “Dummies yaharaniye uburenganzira bwabo ku butaka bwabo, atari ukubaho gusa, ndetse no gushyingura abo mu muryango wabo bapfuye.” Komisiyo isaba amategeko “yemera uburenganzira n’icyubahiro cy’abakozi b’icyayi bato kandi bahejejwe inyuma ku butaka n’umutungo wa basekuruza.”
Itegeko ryo gukingira ibihingwa 2018 ryatanzwe n’inama y’icyayi y’Ubuhinde rirasaba ko abakozi bahabwa uburinzi bw’umutwe, inkweto, uturindantoki, udukariso hamwe n’ibindi byose kugira ngo birinde imiti yica udukoko n’indi miti yatewe mu murima.
Abakozi binubira ubuziranenge n'imikoreshereze y'ibikoresho bishya uko bishaje cyangwa bigacika igihe. Ati: "Ntabwo twabonye amadarubindi igihe twagombaga kugira. Ndetse n'udukariso, uturindantoki n'inkweto, byabaye ngombwa ko turwana, duhora twibutsa shobuja, hanyuma umuyobozi ahora atinda kwemererwa, ”ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Gurung wo mu gihingwa cy'icyayi cya Jin. “[Umuyobozi] yakoze nk'aho yishyuye ibikoresho byacu mu mufuka. Ariko niba umunsi umwe twabuze akazi kubera ko tutari dufite uturindantoki cyangwa ikindi kintu cyose, ntabwo yari kubura kugabanya umushahara. ” .
Joshila yavuze ko uturindantoki tutarinze amaboko ye impumuro y'uburozi yica udukoko yateye ku bibabi by'icyayi. Ati: "Ibiryo byacu binuka nk'iminsi dutera imiti." ntuzongere kuyikoresha. Ntugire ikibazo, turi abahinzi. Turashobora kurya no gusya ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose. ”
Raporo ya 2022 ya BEHANBOX yasanze abagore bakora mu gihingwa cy’icyayi muri Banjel ya Ruguru bahuye n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza, imiti yica ibyatsi n’ifumbire idafite ibikoresho bibakingira, bitera ibibazo by’uruhu, kutabona neza, guhumeka ndetse n’indwara zifungura.