Tiyi wachilengedwe amatsatira malamulo achilengedwe ndi mfundo zachilengedwe popanga, amatengera umisiri wokhazikika waulimi womwe ndi wopindulitsa pazachilengedwe komanso chilengedwe, sagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza, zowongolera kukula ndi zinthu zina, ndipo sagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira pokonza. . zowonjezera zakudya za tiyi ndi zinthu zina.

Zambiri mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga Pu-erhtiyi amalimidwa m'madera amapiri okhala ndi zachilengedwe zabwino komanso kutali ndi mizinda. Madera amapiriwa ali ndi kuipitsidwa kochepa, nyengo yoyenera, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku, dothi lambiri la humus, zinthu zambiri za organic, zakudya zokwanira, kukana bwino kwa mitengo ya tiyi, ndi tiyi wapamwamba kwambiri. Zabwino kwambiri, kuyala maziko abwino opangira organic Pu-ehtiyi.

Kukula ndi kupanga organic Pu-erhZogulitsa si njira yabwino yopangira mabizinesi kuti apititse patsogolo luso komanso mpikisano wamsika wa Pu-erhtiyi, komanso njira yofunika yopanga kuteteza chilengedwe cha Yunnan ndikupulumutsa zachilengedwe, ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha chitukuko.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidule ukadaulo wokonza ndi zofunikira zokhudzana ndi organic Pu-erhtiyi, ndipo imapereka kalozera pakuwunika ndi kupanga malamulo aukadaulo a organic Pu-erhkukonza tiyi, komanso kumapereka chidziwitso chaukadaulo pakukonza ndi kupanga organic Pu-erhtiyi.

01 Zofunikira kwa Opanga Tiyi a Organic Pu'er

1. Zofunikira pa Organic Pu-erhOpanga Tiyi

Zofuna zoyenereza

Organic Pu-ehzinthu za tiyi ziyenera kupangidwa molingana ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo pamiyezo yapadziko lonse yazinthu zachilengedwe GB/T 19630-2019. Zogulitsa zomwe zasinthidwa zatsimikiziridwa ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka, okhala ndi dongosolo lathunthu lotsatiridwa ndi zinthu komanso mbiri yopanga mawu.

Satifiketi yazinthu zachilengedwe imaperekedwa ndi bungwe la certification molingana ndi zomwe "Organic Product Certification Management Measures" ndipo imakhala chaka chimodzi. Ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: certification organic product and organic conversion certification. Kuphatikizika ndi kupanga kwenikweni ndi kukonza zinthu za tiyi, chiphaso cha organic product certification chimalemba mwatsatanetsatane zambiri za dimba la tiyi, zokolola zatsopano, dzina la tiyi wa organic, adilesi yosinthira, kuchuluka kwake ndi zina zambiri.

Pakadali pano, pali mitundu iwiri yamabizinesi omwe ali ndi organic Pu-ehziyeneretso processing tiyi. Imodzi ndi dimba la tiyi lomwe lilibe certification organic, koma langopeza certification ya organic plant plant or processing workshop; ina ndi bizinesi yomwe yapeza chiphaso cha organic dimba la tiyi komanso chiphaso cha Organic chamakampani okonza kapena malo ochitirako misonkhano. Mitundu iwiriyi yamabizinesi imatha kukonza organic Pu-erhtiyi, koma mtundu woyamba wa mabizinesi ukapanga organic Pu-erhmankhwala tiyi, zopangira ntchito ayenera organic certified tiyi minda.

Mikhalidwe yopangira ndi zofunikira zoyendetsera

organic Pu-erhmalo opangira tiyi sayenera kukhala pamalo oipitsidwa. Pasakhale zinyalala zowopsa, fumbi loyipa, mpweya woyipa, zinthu zotulutsa ma radiation ndi zina zowononga zowononga pamalopo. Tizilombo, palibe mabakiteriya owopsa monga nkhungu ndi Escherichia coli amaloledwa.

Kutentha kwa organic Pu-erhtiyi amafuna msonkhano wapadera, ndi malangizo a otaya anthu ndi mankhwala ayenera kuganiziridwa mokwanira pamene anapereka nayonso mphamvu malo kupewa kuipitsa yachiwiri ndi mtanda kuipitsidwa mu kupanga ndi processing ndondomeko. Malo osungiramo ayenera kukhala aukhondo, mpweya wokwanira, otetezedwa ku kuwala, opanda fungo lachilendo, komanso okhala ndi malo oteteza chinyezi, osagwira fumbi, osatetezedwa ndi tizilombo komanso makoswe.

Kupanga kwa organic Pu-erh tiyi amafunikira zida zapadera zamasamba zatsopano ndi zida zoyendera, zokambirana zapadera kapena mizere yopanga, ndi zida zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera. Pamaso kupanga, m`pofunika mosamalitsa kulabadira kuyeretsa kwa processing zida ndi processing malo, ndi kuyesa kupewa kufanana processing ndi tiyi ena panthawi yopanga. . Madzi a ukhondo ndi madzi opangira zinthu ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za "Drinking Water Sanitation Standards".

Pa kupanga, thanzi ndi ukhondo wa ogwira ntchito processing ayeneranso mosamalitsa anapatsidwa chidwi. Ogwira ntchito yokonza zinthu ayenera kufunsira satifiketi yaumoyo komanso kusamala zaukhondo. Asanalowe kuntchito, ayenera kusamba m’manja, kusintha zovala, kusintha nsapato, kuvala chipewa, ndi kuvala chigoba asanapite kuntchito.

Kuyambira kutola masamba atsopano, kukonza kwa organic Pu-erhtiyi iyenera kulembedwa ndi akatswiri anthawi zonse. Nthawi yokolola masamba atsopano, kubzala masamba atsopano, mtanda ndi kuchuluka kwa masamba atsopano omwe amakololedwa, nthawi yokonza ndondomeko iliyonse ya mankhwala, luso la kukonzanso, ndi zolemba za kusungirako komwe kukubwera ndi kutuluka kwa zonse zosaphika. zinthu ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndikuwunikidwa munthawi yonseyi ndikujambulidwa. Organic Pu-erhkupanga tiyi kuyenera kukhazikitsira fayilo yotulutsa mawu kuti akwaniritse zomveka bwino komanso zomveka bwino, kulola ogula ndi oyang'anira kuti agwiritse ntchito kalondolondo wamtundu wazinthu.

02 Zofunika Pokonza of Tiyi ya Organic Pu-er  

1.Zofunikira pamasamba atsopano a tiyi

Masamba atsopano a tiyi wa organic Pu-erh ayenera kutengedwa m'minda ya tiyi yokhala ndi zachilengedwe zabwino kwambiri, zosadetsedwa, mpweya wabwino komanso magwero amadzi oyera, omwe adalandira satifiketi yachilengedwe ndipo ali mkati mwa nthawi yovomerezeka. Chifukwa tiyi wa tiyi nthawi zambiri amakhala omaliza, magiredi anayi okha ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti akhale ndi masamba atsopano, ndipo masamba owoneka bwino ndi akale samasankhidwa. Miyezo ndi zofunikira za masamba atsopano zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1. Mukathyola, zotengera zamasamba zatsopano ziyenera kukhala zoyera, zotulutsa mpweya wabwino, komanso zosadetsa. Ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito madengu ansungwi aukhondo ndi mpweya wabwino. Zinthu zofewa monga matumba apulasitiki ndi matumba ansalu zisagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pa mayendedwe atsopano masamba, ayenera mopepuka anaika ndi mopepuka mbamuikha kuchepetsa mawotchi kuwonongeka.

Table1.zizindikiro zamasamba atsopano a tiyi wa organic Pu-erh

2.Uirements kwa koyamba kupanga dzuwa zouma wobiriwira tiyi

Masamba atsopano akalowa mufakitale kuti avomerezedwe, amafunika kuwayala ndikuwumitsa, ndipo malo oyanikapo ayenera kukhala aukhondo komanso aukhondo. Pofalitsa, gwiritsani ntchito nsungwi ndikuziyika pazitsulo kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino; makulidwe a masamba atsopano ndi 12-15 masentimita, ndipo nthawi yofalikira ndi maola 4-5. Pambuyo kuyanika kumalizidwa, kumakonzedwa molingana ndi ndondomeko ya kukonza, kupukuta ndi kuyanika kwa dzuwa.

organic Pu-erhzida zobiriwira tiyi ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera, ndipo ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito makina obiriwira amagetsi, makina obiriwira a gasi, ndi zina zotero, komanso nkhuni zachikhalidwe, moto wamakala, ndi zina zotere sizigwiritsidwa ntchito, kuti mupewe kununkhira kwa fungo. pa nthawi yobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa mphika wokonzera kuyenera kuyendetsedwa pafupifupi 200 ℃, nthawi yokonza ng'oma iyenera kukhala 10-12 min, ndipo nthawi yokonza pamanja iyenera kukhala 7-8 min. Akamaliza, ayenera kukanda pamene akutentha, liwiro la makina okanda ndi 40 ~ 50 r / min, ndipo nthawi ndi 20 ~ 25 min.

Organic Pu-erhtiyi ayenera kuyanika ndi dzuwa; ziyenera kuchitidwa m'malo oyera ndi owuma opanda fungo lachilendo; nthawi yowumitsa dzuwa ndi maola 4-6, ndipo nthawi yowuma iyenera kuyendetsedwa molingana ndi nyengo, ndipo chinyezi cha tiyi chiyenera kuyendetsedwa mkati mwa 10%; palibe kuyanika kololedwa. Youma yokazinga youma, sangathe zouma panja.

 3.Zofunikira pakuwotchera kwa tiyi wophika

Kutentha kwa organic Pu-erhtiyi wakucha amatengera kuwira kuchokera pansi. Masamba a tiyi samakhudza mwachindunji pansi. Njira yopangira matabwa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mapulani amatabwa amaikidwa pamtunda wa 20-30 cm kuchokera pansi. Palibe fungo lachilendo, ndipo matabwa akuluakulu amatabwa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amathandiza kuti madzi asamasungidwe komanso kuteteza kutentha panthawi ya fermentation.

Njira yowotcherayo imagawidwa m'madzi amtundu, mulu wofanana, milu ya milu, milu yotembenuzira, kukweza ndi kutsekereza, ndikufalikira mpaka kuuma. Chifukwa organic Pu-erhtiyi amafufutika pansi, mabakiteriya ake owiritsa, okosijeni, ndi kusintha kwa kutentha kwa milu ya tiyi ndizosiyana ndi za Pu wamba.-htiyi wakucha. Mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsatiridwa pa nthawi ya nayonso mphamvu.

①Kuwonjezera madzi kuti muwume tiyi wobiriwira kuti muwonjezere chinyezi ndiye njira yayikulu ya Pu-erhtiyi stacking nayonso mphamvu. Kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amawonjezeredwa pakuyatsa kwa organic Pu-erhtiyi ayenera kulamulidwa moyenerera molingana ndi kutentha kwa mlengalenga, chinyezi cha mpweya, nyengo ya fermentation ndi kalasi ya tiyi.

Kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amawonjezedwa panthawi yowira nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi tiyi wamba wa Pu-er. Kuchuluka kwa madzi owonjezera pa nayonso mphamvu ya tiyi yapamwamba kwambiri komanso yoyamba yowuma ndi dzuwa ndi 20% ~ 25% ya kulemera kwake kwa tiyi, ndipo mulu wake uyenera kukhala wochepa; 2 ndi 3 pa nayonso mphamvu, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amawonjezeredwa ku tiyi wobiriwira wobiriwira wobiriwira wamtundu woyamba ndi 25% ~ 30% ya kulemera kwake kwa tiyi watsitsi, ndipo kutalika kwa stacking kumatha kukhala kokwera pang'ono, koma sayenera. kuposa 45 cm.

Panthawi ya fermentation, malinga ndi chinyezi cha mulu wa tiyi, madzi apakati amawonjezeredwa panthawi yotembenuka kuti atsimikizire kusinthika kwathunthu kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu fermentation. Malo ochitirako kupesa ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya, ndipo chinyezi chiyenera kusungidwa pa 65% mpaka 85%.

②Kutembenuza muluwo kumatha kusintha kutentha ndi madzi a mulu wa tiyi, kuonjezera mpweya wa mulu wa tiyi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kusungunula midadada ya tiyi.

Tiyi wa Organic Pu-er ndi wolimba komanso wochuluka, ndipo nthawi yowira ndi yaitali. Poganizira zinthu monga kuwira pansi, nthawi zambiri amatembenuzidwa kamodzi pa masiku 11; njira yonse yowotchera iyenera kutembenuzidwa 3 mpaka 6. Kutentha kwa zigawo zapakati ndi zapansi kuyenera kukhala koyenera komanso kosasinthasintha. Ngati kutentha kuli kochepera 40 ℃ kapena kupitirira 65 ℃, muluwo uyenera kutembenuzidwa pakapita nthawi.

Pamene maonekedwe ndi mtundu wa masamba a tiyi ndi ofiira-bulauni, msuzi wa tiyi ndi bulauni-wofiira, fungo lakale limakhala lamphamvu, kukoma kwake kumakhala kofewa komanso kokoma, ndipo palibe chowawa kapena kutsekemera kwamphamvu, akhoza kuwunjika kuyanika.

★Madzi a tiyi wa organic Pu-er akatsika ndi 13%, kuthirira kwa tiyi wophika kumatha, komwe kumakhala kwa masiku 40-55.

1.Zofunikira pakuwongolera

Palibe chifukwa chosefera pakuyenga kwa organic Pu-erhtiyi yaiwisi, yomwe imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuphwanya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tiyi tating'ono ting'onoting'ono, miyendo yolemetsa ndi zolakwika zina. Kupyolera mu zipangizo zoyenga, ma sundries, masamba ofota, fumbi la tiyi ndi zinthu zina zimachotsedwa, ndipo pamapeto pake kusanja kwamanja kumachitika.

Njira yoyenga ya organic Pu-erhtiyi ayenera kuyezedwa. Njira yowonetsera makina ogwedeza chophimba ndi makina ozungulira ozungulira ozungulira amalumikizidwa wina ndi mzake, ndipo chinsalucho chimakonzedwa molingana ndi makulidwe a zipangizo. Mutu wa tiyi ndi tiyi wosweka ayenera kuchotsedwa panthawi ya sieving, koma palibe chifukwa chosiyanitsira chiwerengero cha ma channels ndi grading. , kenako chotsani ma sundries kudzera pamakina otsuka ma electrostatic, sinthani kuchuluka kwa nthawi zomwe mumadutsa pamakina otsuka a electrostatic molingana ndi kumveka kwa tiyi, ndipo mutha kulowa mwachindunji muzosankha pambuyo poyeretsa ma electrostatic.

1.Compression ma CD zofunika luso

Zopangira zoyengedwa za organic Pu-erhtiyi akhoza mwachindunji ntchito kukanikiza. organic organic Pu-erhzophika tiyi zophika amadutsa mu nayonso mphamvu, zomwe zili mu pectin m'masamba a tiyi zimachepetsedwa, ndipo kugwirira ntchito kwa timitengo kumachepa. Kutsegula kwa colloid kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuponderezana.

Organic Pu-er tiyi umafunika, woyamba kalasi tiyi zipangizo,ndi magiredi apamwamba, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amawonjezedwa pamafunde amatenga 6% mpaka 8% ya kulemera konse kwa tiyi wowuma; kwa tiyi wa giredi 2 ndi 3, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amawonjezedwa pamafunde kumatengera 10% mpaka 12% ya kulemera konse kwa tiyi wowuma.

★Zopangira za tiyi wa organic Pu-er ziyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa maola 6 pambuyo pa mafunde, ndipo zisayike kwa nthawi yayitali, kuti zisabereke mabakiteriya owopsa kapena kutulutsa fungo loipa ngati wowawasa ndi wowawasa pansi pa chinyontho. kutentha, kuti atsimikizire zofunikira za tiyi wa organic.

Njira yolimbikitsira ya organic Pu-erhtiyi ikuchitika mu dongosolo la kulemera, nthunzi otentha (steaming), kuumba, kukanikiza, kufalitsa, demoulding, ndi otsika kuyanika kutentha.

·Poyezera, kuti zitsimikizire kuti zili ndi ukonde wokwanira wa mankhwala omalizidwa, m'pofunikanso kulingalira za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka kupanga, ndipo kuchuluka kwake koyezera kuyenera kusinthidwa moyenera malinga ndi chinyezi cha masamba a tiyi.

·Pa kutentha nthunzi, popeza zopangira za tiyi wa organic Pu-erh ndizofewa, nthawi yowotcha siyenera kukhala yayitali kwambiri, kuti masamba a tiyi athe kufewetsa, nthawi zambiri amawotcha kwa 10 ~ 15 s.

· Musanayambe kukanikiza, sinthani kukakamiza kwa makinawo, sindikizani pamene kukutentha, ndikuyiyika pamalopo kuti mupewe makulidwe osagwirizana a chinthu chomwe chamalizidwa. Mukakanikiza, imatha kuchepetsedwa kwa 3 ~ 5 s mutatha kukhazikitsa, ndipo sizoyenera kuyiyika motalika kwambiri.

· The tiyi theka-anamaliza mankhwala akhoza pachiwonetseroulded itazirala.

• Kutentha kochepa kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyanika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kutentha kwa kuyanika kuyenera kuyendetsedwa pa 45 ~ 55 °C. Njira yowumitsa iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pa mfundo yoyamba yotsika kenako yapamwamba. M'maola 12 oyambira kuyanika, kuyanika pang'onopang'ono kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutentha sikuyenera kukhala kofulumira kapena kofulumira. Pankhani ya chinyezi chamkati, ndikosavuta kuswana mabakiteriya owopsa, ndipo kuyanika konse kumatenga maola 60 ~ 72.

Tiyi ya organic yotsirizidwa pambuyo poyanika iyenera kufalikira ndikukhazikika kwa maola 6-8, chinyontho cha gawo lililonse chimakhala chokwanira, ndipo chikhoza kupakidwa mutayang'ana kuti chinyezi chimafika pamlingo. Zida zonyamula za organic Pu-erhtiyi ayenera kukhala otetezeka ndi aukhondo, ndipo mkati ma CD zipangizo ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika za chakudya kalasi ma CD. Natural) chizindikiro cha chakudya. Ngati ndi kotheka, biodegradation ndi kubwezerezedwanso kwa zida zoyikamo ziyenera kuganiziridwa

1.Zofunika Posungira ndi Kutumiza

Kukonzekera kukamalizidwa, ziyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu panthawi yake, zokhala ndi mphasa, ndikulekanitsidwa ndi nthaka, makamaka 15-20 cm kuchokera pansi. Malinga ndi zomwe zinachitikira, yabwino yosungirako kutentha ndi 24 ~ 27 ℃, ndi chinyezi ndi 48% ~ 65%. Panthawi yosungiramo organic Pu-erh, iyenera kukhala yosiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu zina ndipo sayenera kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina. Ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo osungiramo katundu apadera, kuyang'anira ndi munthu wapadera, ndikulemba deta mkati ndi kunja kwa nyumba yosungiramo katundu mwatsatanetsatane, komanso kusintha kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu.

Njira zonyamulira organic Pu-erhtiyi ayenera kukhala waukhondo ndi wouma asanakweze, ndipo asasakanizidwe kapena kuipitsidwa ndi tiyi wina poyenda; panthawi yonyamula ndi kutsitsa ndi kutsitsa, chizindikiro cha certification ya tiyi ndi malangizo okhudzana nawo pamapaketi akunja zisawonongeke.

1.Kusiyana pakati pa kupanga tiyi wa organic Pu-erh ndi tiyi wamba wa Pu-erh.

Gulu 2 limatchula kusiyana kwa njira zazikuluzikulu popanga organic Pu-erhtiyi ndi Pu ochiritsira-erhtiyi. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kupanga ndi kukonza kwa organic Pu-erhtiyi ndi Pu ochiritsira-erhtiyi ndi osiyana kwambiri, ndi processing wa organic Pu-erhtiyi osati amafuna malamulo okhwima luso, Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'pofunika kukhala phokoso organic Pu-erhprocessing traceability system.

 Table 2.Kusiyana pakati pa kupanga tiyi wa organic Pu-erh ndi tiyi wamba wa Pu-erh.

03 Epilogue

Mtsinje wa Lancang m'chigawo cha Yunnan wazunguliridwa ndi mapiri angapo a tiyi. Malo apadera achilengedwe a mapiri a tiyi awa apangitsa kuti Pua wopanda kuipitsa, wobiriwira komanso wathanzi-erhtiyi, komanso adapatsa organic Pu-erhtiyi wokhala ndi chilengedwe, chilengedwe choyambirira komanso mikhalidwe yobadwa nayo yopanda kuipitsa. Payenera kukhala miyezo yokhazikika yaukhondo ndi malamulo aukadaulo popanga organic Pu-erhtiyi. Pakadali pano, kufunikira kwa msika kwa organic Pu-erhtiyi akuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka, koma processing wa organic Pu-erhtiyi ndi chipwirikiti ndi alibe yunifolomu processing malangizo luso. Chifukwa chake, kufufuza ndikupanga malamulo aukadaulo opangira ndi kukonza organic Pu-erhtiyi ndiye vuto lalikulu lomwe liyenera kuthetsedwa pakupanga organic Pu-erhtiyi m'tsogolo.