Thandizani Scroll.in Thandizo lanu: India ikufunika zoulutsira zodziyimira pawokha komanso media odziyimira pawokha amakufunani.
"Kodi mungatani ndi ma rupee 200 lero?" akufunsa Joshula Gurung, wosankha tiyi ku CD Block Ging tea estate ku Pulbazar, Darjeeling, yemwe amapeza Rs 232 patsiku. Anatinso mtengo wanjira imodzi m'galimoto yogawana ndi ma rupees 400 kupita ku Siliguri, makilomita 60 kuchokera ku Darjeeling, komanso mzinda waukulu wapafupi komwe ogwira ntchito amathandizidwa ndi matenda akulu.
Izi ndi zenizeni za ogwira ntchito masauzande ambiri m'minda ya tiyi ku North Bengal, omwe oposa 50 peresenti ndi akazi. Lipoti lathu ku Darjeeling linasonyeza kuti anali kulipidwa malipiro ochepa, anali omangika ndi dongosolo la ntchito ya atsamunda, analibe ufulu wa malo, ndiponso anali ndi mwayi wochepa wopeza mapologalamu a boma.
"Nkhani zogwirira ntchito komanso moyo wankhanza wa ogwira ntchito tiyi zimatikumbutsa za ntchito yomwe eni minda yaku Britain adachita panthawi ya atsamunda," lipoti la komiti yanyumba yamalamulo ya 2022 lidatero.
Antchitowo akuyesetsa kukonza moyo wawo, akuti, ndipo akatswiri amavomereza. Antchito ambiri amaphunzitsa ana awo ndi kuwatumiza kukagwira ntchito m’minda. Tidapezanso kuti akumenyeranso malipiro ochepera komanso umwini wanyumba kwa makolo awo.
Koma moyo wawo wowopsa kale uli pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa cha momwe msika wa tiyi wa Darjeeling ulili chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, mpikisano wa tiyi wotchipa, kutsika kwachuma kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kugwa kwakupanga ndipo amafuna kuti tifotokoze m'nkhani ziwirizi. Nkhani yoyamba ndi mbali ya mndandanda. Gawo lachiwiri komanso lomaliza lidzakhudza momwe anthu amalima tiyi.
Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa Land Reform Law mu 1955, malo olima tiyi ku North Bengal alibe dzina koma adachita lendi. Boma la boma.
Kwa mibadwo yambiri, ogwira ntchito tiyi amanga nyumba zawo pamalo aulere m'minda ya Darjeeling, Duars ndi Terai.
Ngakhale palibe ziwerengero zovomerezeka kuchokera ku Tea Board of India, malinga ndi lipoti la 2013 West Bengal Labor Council, kuchuluka kwa tiyi ku Darjeeling Hills, Terai ndi Durs kunali 11,24,907, pomwe 2,62,426 anali. anali anthu okhazikika komanso opitilira 70,000+ osakhalitsa komanso osakhalitsa.
Monga zotsalira zakale za atsamunda, eni ake adalamula kuti mabanja omwe amakhala pamalowo atumize munthu mmodzi kuti azigwira ntchito m'munda wa tiyi kapena ataya nyumba yawo. Ogwira ntchito alibe umwini wa malowo, chifukwa chake palibe chikalata chotchedwa parja-patta.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wotchedwa "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ntchito M'minda ya Tiyi ya Darjeeling" yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 2021, popeza ntchito yokhazikika m'minda ya tiyi ku North Bengal ingapezeke kudzera pachibale, msika waulere komanso wotseguka sunachitikepo, zomwe zimapangitsa kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zaukapolo. Journal of Legal Management and Humanities. ”
Osankha pano amalipidwa Rs 232 patsiku. Atachotsa ndalamazo zomwe zikupita ku thumba la ndalama za ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchitowa amalandira ndalama zokwana 200, zomwe ati sizikwanira pa moyo wawo komanso sizikugwirizana ndi ntchito yomwe amagwira.
Malinga ndi a Mohan Chirimar, Managing Director wa Singtom Tea Estate, kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito tiyi ku North Bengal kupitilira 40%. "Pafupifupi theka la ogwira ntchito m'minda yathu sapitanso kuntchito."
"Kuchepa kwa maola asanu ndi atatu ogwira ntchito molimbika komanso mwaluso ndi chifukwa chomwe anthu ogwira ntchito m'minda ya tiyi akucheperachepera tsiku lililonse," atero a Sumendra Tamang, womenyera ufulu wa ogwira ntchito tiyi ku North Bengal. “N’zofala kwambiri kuti anthu azidumpha ntchito m’minda ya tiyi n’kumakagwira ntchito ku MGNREGA [pulogalamu ya boma yolemba anthu ntchito kumidzi] kapena kwina kulikonse kumene malipiro ake ndi okwera.”
Joshila Gurung wa m'munda wa tiyi wa Ging ku Darjeeling ndi anzake a Sunita Biki ndi Chandramati Tamang adati chofunika kwambiri ndi kuonjezera malipiro ochepa a minda ya tiyi.
Malinga ndi zozungulira zaposachedwa kwambiri ndi Ofesi ya Labor Commission ku Boma la West Bengal, malipiro ochepa atsiku ndi tsiku a ogwira ntchito zaulimi osaphunzira ayenera kukhala Rs 284 osadya ndi Rs 264 ndi chakudya.
Komabe, malipiro a ogwira ntchito tiyi amatsimikiziridwa ndi msonkhano wapatatu womwe woimira mabungwe a eni tiyi, mabungwe ndi akuluakulu aboma amalandila. Mabungwewa amafuna kukhazikitsa malipiro atsopano a Rs 240, koma mu June boma la West Bengal lidalengeza za Rs 232.
Rakesh Sarki, director of pickers ku Happy Valley, munda wachiwiri wakale kwambiri wa tiyi ku Darjeeling, akudandaulanso za malipiro osakhazikika. “Sitinalipidwe ngakhale pang’ono kuyambira 2017. Amatipatsa ndalama pakatha miyezi iwiri kapena itatu iliyonse. Nthawi zina pamakhala kuchedwa, ndipo ndi chimodzimodzi ndi munda uliwonse wa tiyi paphiri.”
"Poganizira za kukwera kwa mitengo kosalekeza komanso momwe chuma chikuyendera ku India, n'zosadabwitsa kuti wogwira ntchito tiyi angapeze ndalama zokwana Rs 200 pa tsiku," anatero Dawa Sherpa, wophunzira udokotala ku Center for Economic Research. Kafukufuku ndi mapulani ku India. Jawaharlal Nehru University, wochokera ku Kursong. "Darjeeling ndi Assam ali ndi malipiro ochepa kwambiri a ogwira ntchito tiyi. M'minda ya tiyi ku Sikkim yoyandikana nayo, ogwira ntchito amalandila pafupifupi Rs 500 patsiku. Ku Kerala, malipiro a tsiku ndi tsiku amaposa Rs 400, ngakhale ku Tamil Nadu, ndipo pafupifupi Rs 350 okha.”
Lipoti la 2022 lochokera ku Komiti Yoyimilira ya Nyumba Yamalamulo likufuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ochepera amalipiro a ogwira ntchito m'minda ya tiyi, ponena kuti malipiro atsiku ndi tsiku m'minda ya tiyi ya Darjeeling ndi "imodzi mwa malipiro otsika kwambiri kwa wogwira ntchito m'mafakitale m'dzikolo".
Malipiro ndi ochepa komanso osatetezeka, n’chifukwa chake antchito masauzande ambiri monga Rakesh ndi Joshira amalepheretsa ana awo kugwira ntchito m’minda ya tiyi. “Tikuyesetsa kuphunzitsa ana athu. Si maphunziro abwino, koma osachepera amatha kuwerenga ndi kulemba. N’chifukwa chiyani amathyola mafupa chifukwa chogwira ntchito ya malipiro ochepa m’munda wa tiyi,” anatero Joshira, yemwe mwana wake wamwamuna ndi wophika ku Bangalore. Amakhulupirira kuti ogwira ntchito tiyi akhala akudyeredwa masuku pamutu kwa mibadwomibadwo chifukwa chosaphunzira. "Ana athu ayenera kuswa unyolo."
Kuwonjezera pa malipiro, ogwira ntchito m’minda ya tiyi ali ndi ufulu wosunga ndalama, penshoni, nyumba, chithandizo chaulere chamankhwala, maphunziro aulere kwa ana awo, malo osungiramo ana aakazi, mafuta, ndi zipangizo zodzitetezera monga ma apuloni, maambulera, malaya amvula, ndi nsapato zazitali. Malinga ndi lipoti lotsogolali, malipiro onse a ogwira ntchitowa ndi pafupifupi Rs 350 patsiku. Olemba ntchito akuyeneranso kulipira ma bonasi a pachaka a Durga Puja.
Darjeeling Organic Tea Estates Private Limited, omwe kale anali eni ake osachepera 10 ku North Bengal, kuphatikiza Happy Valley, adagulitsa minda yake mu Seputembala, ndikusiya antchito opitilira 6,500 opanda malipiro, kusungira ndalama, maupangiri ndi ma bonasi a puja.
Mu Okutobala, Darjeeling Organic Tea Plantation Sdn Bhd pomaliza idagulitsa minda yake isanu ndi umodzi mwa 10 tiyi. “Eni ake atsopano sanatilipire ndalama zonse. Malipiro sanalipidwe ndipo bonasi ya Pujo yokha ndiyomwe idalipidwa, "Sarkey wa Happy Valley adatero mu Novembala.
Sobhadebi Tamang adati zomwe zikuchitika pano zikufanana ndi Peshok Tea Garden pansi pa mwiniwake watsopano Silicon Agriculture Tea Company. "Amayi adapuma pantchito, koma CPF yawo ndi malangizo ake akadali abwino. Oyang'anira atsopanowa adzipereka kuti azilipira ngongole zathu zonse m'magawo atatu pofika pa Julayi 31 [2023]."
Bwana wake, Pesang Norbu Tamang, adati eni ake atsopanowo sanakhazikike ndipo apereka ndalama zawo posachedwa, ndipo adati ndalama za Pujo zidaperekedwa munthawi yake. Mnzake wa Sobhadebi Sushila Rai adayankha mwachangu. Sanatilipirire nkomwe moyenera.
"Malipiro athu atsiku ndi tsiku anali 202, koma boma lidakweza mpaka Rs 232. Ngakhale eni ake adadziwitsidwa za kuwonjezeka kwa mwezi wa June, tikuyenera kulandira malipiro atsopano kuyambira January," adatero. “Mwiniwake sanaperekebe ndalama.”
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2021 wofalitsidwa mu International Journal of Legal Management and the Humanities, oyang'anira minda ya tiyi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zowawa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa minda ya tiyi, ndikuwopseza antchito akafuna kuti alipidwe kapena kukwezedwa. "Kuwopseza kutseka uku kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziyende bwino kwa oyang'anira ndipo ogwira ntchito akuyenera kutsatira."
"Opanga tiyimu sanalandirepo ndalama zenizeni zosungirako ndi malangizo ...
Kukhala ndi malo kwa ogwira ntchito ndi nkhani yomwe ili ndi mikangano pakati pa eni minda ya tiyi ndi ogwira ntchito. Eni nyumbawa ati anthu amasunga nyumba zawo m’minda ya tiyi ngakhale sagwira ntchito m’mindayo, pomwe ogwira ntchitowo akuti akuyenera kupatsidwa ufulu wa malo chifukwa mabanja awo akhala akumakhala kumundako.
Chirimar wa Singtom Tea Estate adati anthu opitilira 40 peresenti ya anthu ku Singtom Tea Estate sakhalanso dimba. “Anthu amapita ku Singapore ndi ku Dubai kukagwira ntchito, ndipo mabanja awo kuno amasangalala ndi nyumba zaulere…Tsopano boma liyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti banja lililonse m’munda wa tiyi litumize munthu mmodzi kuti azigwira ntchito m’mundamo. Pita ukagwire ntchito, tilibe vuto ndi izi. "
Unionist Sunil Rai, mlembi wa bungwe la Terai Dooars Chia Kaman Mazdoor ku Darjeeling, adati malowa akupereka "ziphaso zotsutsa" kwa ogwira ntchito omwe amawalola kumanga nyumba zawo m'magawo a tiyi. "N'chifukwa chiyani anasiya nyumba yomwe anamanga?"
Rai, yemwenso ndi mneneri wa bungwe la United Forum (Hills), bungwe la ogwira ntchito m’zipani zingapo za ndale m’zigawo za Darjeeling ndi Kalimpong, adati ogwira ntchito alibe ufulu ku malo omwe nyumba zawo zilimo komanso ufulu wawo parja-patta ( kufunikira kwa nthawi yayitali kwa zikalata zotsimikizira umwini wa malo) sananyalanyazidwe.
Chifukwa alibe zikalata zaumwini kapena zobwereketsa, ogwira ntchito sangalembetse malo awo ndi mapulani a inshuwaransi.
Manju Rai, wosonkhanitsa ku Tukvar tea estate ku CD Pulbazar quarter ya Darjeeling, sanalandire chipukuta misozi kunyumba yake, yomwe idawonongeka kwambiri ndi kusefukira kwa nthaka. “Nyumba imene ndinamanga inagwa [chifukwa cha kugumuka kwa nthaka chaka chatha],” iye anatero, akumawonjezera kuti timitengo tansungwi, matumba akale a jute ndi phula zinapulumutsa nyumba yake ku chiwonongeko chonse. “Ndilibe ndalama zomangira nyumba ina. Ana anga aamuna onse amagwira ntchito zamagalimoto. Ngakhale ndalama zomwe amapeza sizokwanira. Thandizo lililonse kuchokera kukampani lingakhale labwino. ”
Lipoti la Komiti Yokhazikika ya Nyumba Yamalamulo linanena kuti dongosololi “likunyozetsa mwachiwonekere chipambano cha kayendetsedwe ka kawombola ka malo m’dzikolo mwa kuletsa ogwira ntchito ku tiyi kukhala ndi ufulu wawo wofunikira wa malo ngakhale kuti pakhala zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zodzilamulira.
Rai akuti kufuna parja patta kwakhala kukukulirakulira kuyambira 2013. Iye adati ngakhale akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi ndale asiya ogwira ntchito tiyi mpaka pano, akuyenera kunena za ogwira ntchito tiyi pakali pano, pozindikira kuti phungu wa Darjeeling Raju Bista ali. adakhazikitsa lamulo lopereka parja patta kwa ogwira ntchito tiyi. " . Nthawi zikusintha, ngakhale pang’onopang’ono.”
Dibyendu Bhattacharya, mlembi wothandizana nawo wa West Bengal Ministry of Land and Agrarian Reform and Refugees, Relief and Rehabilitation, yomwe imayang'anira nkhani za malo ku Darjeeling pansi pa ofesi yomweyo ya mlembi wa unduna, anakana kulankhula za nkhaniyi. Mafoni obwerezabwereza anali akuti: "Sindinaloledwa kulankhula ndi atolankhani."
Pa pempho la Secretariat, imelo inatumizidwanso kwa mlembi ndi mafunso atsatanetsatane ofunsa chifukwa chake ogwira ntchito tiyi sanapatsidwe ufulu wa malo. Tisintha nkhani akayankha.
Rajeshvi Pradhan, wolemba ku Rajiv Gandhi National Law University, adalemba mu 2021 papepala lonena za nkhanza kuti: "Kusowa kwa msika wogwira ntchito komanso kusowa kwaufulu kwa ogwira ntchito sikungotsimikizira ntchito yotsika mtengo komanso yokakamiza. Ogwira ntchito m'munda wa tiyi wa Darjeeling. "Kusoweka kwa mwayi wogwira ntchito pafupi ndi malowa, kuphatikiza ndi mantha otaya nyumba zawo, zidakulitsa ukapolo wawo."
Akatswiri amati gwero la vuto la ogwira ntchito tiyi ndi kusakhazikika bwino kapena kufooka kwa lamulo la 1951 Plantation Labor Act. Mafamu onse a tiyi olembetsedwa ndi Tea Board of India ku Darjeeling, Terai ndi Duars ali pansi pa Lamuloli. Chifukwa chake, onse ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse ndi mabanja omwe ali m'minda iyi nawonso ali ndi ufulu wopindula malinga ndi lamulo.
Pansi pa Plantation Labor Act, 1956, Boma la West Bengal linakhazikitsa West Bengal Plantation Labor Act, 1956 kuti likhazikitse Central Act. Komabe, Sherpas ndi Tamang akuti pafupifupi madera onse aku North Bengal 449 amatha kuphwanya malamulo apakati komanso aboma.
Bungwe la Plantation Labor Act limati: “Wolemba ntchito aliyense ali ndi udindo wopereka ndi kusamalira nyumba zabwino kwa antchito onse ndi mabanja awo okhala m’minda.” Eni minda ya tiyi adati malo aulere omwe adapereka zaka 100 zapitazo ndi malo awo okhala antchito ndi mabanja awo.
Kumbali ina, alimi a tiyi ang'onoang'ono oposa 150 sasamala ngakhale za Plantation Labor Act ya 1951 chifukwa amagwira ntchito yocheperapo mahekitala asanu popanda malamulo ake, Sherpa adatero.
Manju, amene nyumba zake zinawonongeka chifukwa cha kugumuka kwa nthaka, ali ndi ufulu wolandira chipukuta misozi motsatira lamulo la Plantation Labor Act la 1951. “Anapereka mapempho aŵiri, koma mwiniwakeyo sanalabadire kalikonse. Izi zitha kupewedwa mosavuta ngati malo athu apeza parja patta, "atero a Ram Subba, director of Tukvar Tea Estate Manju, ndi otola ena.
Komiti Yokhazikika ya Nyumba Yamalamulo inanena kuti “A Dummies anamenyera ufulu wawo wokhala ndi malo awo, osati kukhala ndi moyo kokha, komanso kuika maliro achibale awo akufa.” Komitiyi ikupereka malamulo omwe "amazindikira ufulu ndi maudindo a anthu ogwira ntchito tiyi ang'onoang'ono ndi oponderezedwa kumadera ndi chuma cha makolo awo."
The Plant Protection Act 2018 yoperekedwa ndi Tea Board of India imalimbikitsa kuti ogwira ntchito azitetezedwa kumutu, nsapato, magolovesi, ma apuloni ndi maovololo kuti ateteze ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ena opopera m'minda.
Ogwira ntchito akudandaula za ubwino ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zipangizo zatsopano pamene zimatha kapena kuwonongeka pakapita nthawi. “Sitinapeze magalasi pamene timayenera kukhala nawo. Ngakhale ma apuloni, magolovesi ndi nsapato, tinkayenera kumenya nkhondo, kukumbutsa abwana nthawi zonse, ndiyeno manejala nthawi zonse amachedwa kuvomereza, "atero Gurung wochokera ku Jin Tea Plantation. “Iye [menejala] anachita ngati akulipira zipangizo zathu m’thumba mwake. Koma ngati tsiku lina titaphonya ntchito chifukwa chakuti tinalibe magolovesi kapena chirichonse, iye sangaphonye kuchotsa malipiro athu.” .
Joshila adati magolovesiwo sanateteze manja ake ku fungo lapoizoni la mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adawapopera pamasamba a tiyi. "Chakudya chathu chimanunkhira ngati masiku omwe timapopera mankhwala." osachigwiritsanso ntchito. Osadandaula, ndife alimi. Tikhoza kudya ndi kugaya chilichonse.”
Lipoti la 2022 BEHANBOX lidapeza kuti azimayi omwe amagwira ntchito m'minda ya tiyi ku North Bengal adakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera udzu ndi feteleza opanda zida zodzitetezera, zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la khungu, kusawona bwino, kupuma komanso kugaya chakudya.