Otchedwa kukankha amatanthauza ntchito mawotchi mphamvu knead, kufinya, kukameta ubweya, kapena yokulungira lopuwala masamba mu chofunika Mzere mawonekedwe Gongfu wakuda tiyi, kapena knead ndi kudula mu chofunika tinthu mawonekedwe wofiira wosweka tiyi. Masamba atsopano ndi olimba komanso ophwanyika chifukwa cha thupi lawo, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuwaumba mwachindunji mwa kugudubuza popanda kufota. Kugubuduza (kudula) ndi zotsatira za mphamvu zamakina, ndipo ngati siziyendetsedwa bwino, sizingapange masamba ofota kukhala mawonekedwe. Pansipa pali chidziwitso chachidule cha chikoka cha kugubuduza pa mapangidwe a mawonekedwe ndi khalidwe la tiyi wakuda.

Khalidwe la kugubuduza choyamba zimadalira thupi katundu wa masamba, kuphatikizapo softness, toughness, plasticity, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, etc. Kusisita mphamvu umagwiritsidwa ntchito masamba kuwaumba mu mawonekedwe, amene amafuna softness wabwino wa lopuwala masamba ndi mapindikidwe mosavuta pansi kupsinjika maganizo. ; Kachiwiri, pamafunika kuti masamba ofota akhale ndi mphamvu yabwino ndipo amatha kupunduka pansi pa nkhawa popanda kusweka; Chofunikira chachitatu ndi chakuti masamba ofota amakhala ndi pulasitiki yabwino ndipo samabwezeretsedwa mosavuta ku mawonekedwe awo oyambirira atatha kupunduka pansi pa kupsinjika maganizo. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati masamba opindidwa ali ndi kukhuthala kwabwino, amatha kukulitsa pulasitiki.

Kugudubuza ndi thupi zimatha masamba

Pali mgwirizano wa curvilinear pakati pa chinyezi cha masamba ofota ndi mawonekedwe ake. Masamba atsopano amakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa kwa ma cell, kuphulika komanso kulimba kwa masamba, komanso kufooka, kulimba, pulasitiki, komanso kukhuthala. Pamene evaporation wa madzi atsopano masamba amachepetsa pamene kufota, izi thupi katundu pang`onopang`ono kukhala bwino.

Chinyezi cha masamba ofota chikatsika mpaka 50%, mawonekedwe amasamba amakhala abwino kwambiri. Ngati chinyezi cha masamba ofota chikupitilirabe kuchepa, mawonekedwe amasamba nawonso amatsika molingana. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa masamba akusowa madzi m'thupi panthawi yofota, tsinde limakhala ndi madzi ochuluka kuposa masamba, pamene nsonga za masamba ndi m'mphepete zimakhala ndi madzi ochepa kusiyana ndi m'munsi mwa masamba.

Chifukwa chake, pakupangira kwenikweni, kuwongolera kwachinyontho kwamasamba ofota ndikwambiri kuposa 50%, ndipo nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 60% ndiyoyenera. Chifukwa chake, kufota kumadziwika kuti "kufota kwa masamba akale", pomwe "kufota" kumatanthauza kuwongolera chinyezi cha masamba akale kuti chikhale chokwera pang'ono kuposa cha masamba anthete akamafota, kuti athandizire kugudubuza ndi mawonekedwe.

Palinso mgwirizano wina pakati pa kutentha kwa tsamba pa kugudubuza ndi maonekedwe a masamba. Kutentha kwa masamba kukakhala kokwera, mamolekyu a zinthu zamkati amakhala omasuka, ndipo kufewa, kulimba, ndi kusungunuka kwa masamba kumawonjezeka. Makamaka masamba akale, omwe amakhala ndi ma cellulose komanso kufewa komanso kufewa bwino, kutentha kwamasamba kumakhala kokwera kwambiri pakugubuduza, komwe kumakhudza kwambiri kusintha kwamasamba akale.

Njira yakugudubuzika masamba kukhala n'kupanga

Masamba opaka ndi opindika amasuntha mofanana mozungulira mozungulira mu chidebe chopondera. Pansi pa kuphatikizika kwa chidebe chopondera, chivundikiro chopondereza, kukanda chimbale, nthiti, ndi mphamvu yamitundu yambiri ya gulu lamasamba lokha, masamba omwe ali mkati mwa gulu lamasamba amapanikizidwa kuchokera kumbali zonse, kuwapangitsa kuti azipaka ndi kukanda motsatira. mitsempha yayikulu mumizere yolimba, yozungulira, komanso yosalala. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, minofu ya maselo a tsamba imaphwanyidwa ndikuphwanyidwa, kuonjezera kufewa ndi pulasitiki ya masamba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo finyani ndi kusakaniza madzi a tiyi kuti muwonjezere kumamatira kwa masamba. Zonsezi zapanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira masamba kukhala mizere. Kuchuluka kwa makwinya ndi mawonekedwe patsamba lililonse, m'pamenenso amakulungidwa m'mizere yolimba.

Mu gawo loyamba latiyi wakuda akugudubuza, masango a masamba amafunika kuti apeze kupanikizika, koma kupanikizika sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu. Chifukwa cha kupsyinjika kwakukulu, masambawo amapindika pansi pa kukakamizidwa kofanana ndi mbali imodzi, ndipo masamba omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa amatha kuthyoka zidutswa pamipingo. Ndizovuta kwambiri kupindika masamba opindika kapena osweka kukhala mizere. Chifukwa chake, pa gawo loyambirira la kugubuduza, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuthamanga kwa kuwala. Pamene njira yogubuduza ikupita patsogolo, makwinya ndi mapangidwe a masamba opindidwa pang'onopang'ono amawonjezeka, kufewa, pulasitiki, ndi mamasukidwe akuwonjezeka, ndipo voliyumu imachepa. Panthawiyi, kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono, kumbali imodzi, kumayambitsa makwinya ndi machitidwe pamasamba, kupanga mikwingwirima yowonjezereka; Kumbali inayi, kukulitsa kukangana pakati pa masamba kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mikangano yosiyanasiyana yomwe imagwira mbali zosiyanasiyana zamasamba komanso kuthamanga kosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma torque apangidwe. Zotsatira zake, mzere wokhuthala umapindika pang'onopang'ono kukhala mzere wothina kudzera mukuchita kwa torque.

Chifukwa cha kufewa ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa masamba anthete, sangafunikire kudutsa njira zambiri kuti apange makwinya ndipo akhoza kupotozedwa mwachindunji kukhala mizere yolimba. Kulimba kwa chingwe, kumapangitsanso kukhuthala kwakukulu, kukangana kwakukulu, komanso torque yomwe imapangidwa. Ngati kupanikizika kumapitilizidwa kugwedezeka ndi kupindika, ulusi wa masambawo ukhoza kuphwanyidwa ndi kupanikizana. Panthawiyi, kugudubuza ndi kupotoza kuyenera kuyimitsidwa, ndipo masamba owongoka mwamphamvu ayenera kupatulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogawanitsa ndi kusefa. Kwa masamba akale okhala ndi zingwe zolimba komanso zotayirira, kuzungulira kwachiwiri ndi kupindika kumatha kuchitidwa, ndikumangika kwambiri kuti muzolowerane ndi masamba akale otanuka, ndikupanga makwinya, mapindikidwe, ndi kupindika kukhala mizere yolimba.

Panthawi yogubuduza, masamba omwe ali ndi kufewa kwabwino komanso kukhuthala kwakukulu amatha kumamatirana ndipo pang'onopang'ono amagubuduza m'magulu, omwe amakhala olimba komanso olimba kwambiri. Ziphuphuzi sizimasungunuka mosavuta panthawi yowumitsa, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kuumba ndi kuwonongeka panthawi yosungira, zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe la tiyi lonse. Zingwezo zikasungunukanso panthawi yowuma, zingwe zopondedwa mwamphamvu zipangitsa kuti zingwe zopindika mwamphamvu zikhale zolimba komanso zomasuka kapena zosapangana, zomwe zimakhudza mawonekedwe a masamba a tiyi. Choncho, poyendetsa ndi kupotoza, kuphatikiza kupanikizika ndi kukakamizidwa kotayirira kuyenera kutengedwa, ndiko kuti, patatha mphindi zochepa za kupanikizika, ngati zotupa zingapangidwe, kupanikizika kuyenera kuchotsedwa panthawi yake kuti asungunuke zitsulo zotayirira. pansi pa mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka ndowa. Pambuyo pa mphindi zochepa za kukakamiza kotayirira, ngati miyeso yamphamvu yotayirira siyingathe kusungunula zotupazo, nthawi zina ndikofunikira kuphatikiza kuwunika ndi kugudubuza kwa nthawi inayake kuti musungunule zotupazo.

Zofunikira zaukadaulo pakugudubuza ndi kupindika

Mapangidwe a masamba opotoka amakhala makamaka chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa kukakamiza ndi kukangana. Kukangana kumapangitsa masamba kugudubuzika m'mitsempha yayikulu kukhala yozungulira yozungulira, pomwe kukakamiza kumatha kukulitsa mikangano ndikufulumizitsa njira yomangitsa masamba kukhala mizere. Kuchuluka kwa kukakamiza, nthawi ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito zonse zimayenderana ndi kudalirana, ndipo ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa potengera mtundu, kuchuluka, ndi makina ogudubuza a masamba.

1. Zamakono zamakono

Kupanikizika kungasiyane molimba. Nthawi zambiri, kupanikizika kumakhala kolemera ndipo zingwe zimamangidwa mwamphamvu; Kupanikizika ndi kopepuka, ndipo zingwe ndi zokhuthala ndi zomasuka. Koma kupsyinjika ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo masambawo ndi athyathyathya osati ozungulira, ndi zidutswa zambiri zosweka; Kupanikizika kumachepa kwambiri, masamba ndi okhuthala komanso omasuka, ndipo sangathe kukwaniritsa cholinga chokanda. Masamba ndi ofewa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa masamba kuyenera kukhala kochepa. Kupanikizika kuyenera kukhala kopepuka; Masamba ndi akale, kotero kupanikizika kuyenera kukhala kolemera.

Kaya pansi pa kupanikizika kopepuka kapena kolemera, zimagwirizana ndi nthawi ya ntchito yokakamiza. Nthawi yokakamiza ndi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo masamba amaphwanyidwa ndikusweka; Nthawi ya pressurization ndi yochepa kwambiri, ndipo masamba ndi otayirira komanso okhuthala. Nthawi yokakamiza masamba anthete ndi yaifupi, pomwe nthawi yokakamiza masamba akale ndi yayitali; Masamba ocheperako amabweretsa nthawi yocheperako, pomwe masamba ambiri amabweretsa nthawi yayitali.

Kutalika kwa nthawi ya pressurization kumayenderana molakwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mizere ya pressurization. Kuzungulira kwapang'onopang'ono kwanthawi yayitali komanso kwakanthawi kochepa; Kupanikizika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mocheperapo komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuchuluka kwa nthawi zomwe kukakamizidwa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumagwirizana ndi ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwa masamba. Ngati khalidwe la masamba ndi lochepa ndipo kuchuluka kwake kuli kochepa, chiwerengero cha nthawi zoponderezedwa ndi chochepa, ndipo nthawi ya pressurization iliyonse ndi yaitali; Masamba ndi akale mwabwino komanso ochulukirachulukira, amakhala ndi nthawi yoponderezedwa komanso amafupikitsa nthawi iliyonse. Kuchuluka kwa mikombero yokakamiza kuyenera kukhala kuwirikiza kawiri pakuwala ndi kolemetsa, ndipo koposa kasanu pakuwala, kolemetsa, kolemetsa, kolemera, ndi kopepuka.

Pali kusiyana pakati pa nthawi yokakamiza pakati pa oyambirira ndi mochedwa. Kupanikizika msanga kumabweretsa masamba ophwanyika komanso osazungulira; Mochedwa, masamba amamasuka koma osathina. Masamba ndi ochuluka ndipo akhoza kukakamizidwa pambuyo pake; Masamba ndi akale koma pang'ono pang'ono, m'pofunika kukakamiza kale. Mwachidule, mphamvu, nthawi, ndi kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa ntchito, komanso nthawi ya kukakamiza, ziyenera kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa masamba ndi nthawi yogudubuza. Mwachidule, kukanikiza kwa masamba anthete kumakhala kopepuka, kosawerengeka, kosakhalitsa, ndi kuchedwa; Lao Ye ndi zosiyana.

2. Chikoka chamakina opukutira tiyi

Liwiro la makina ogubuduza liyenera kutsata mfundo ya liwiro lapang'onopang'ono komanso kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono. Chepetsani pang'onopang'ono, kuti musamapindike ndi kuphwanya masamba, kapena kuyambitsa kutentha chifukwa chakutentha kapena kukangana, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha kwa masamba kukwera msanga. Pambuyo pake, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwakuti tsambalo lipiringire mozungulira, zomwe zingapangitse kuti tsambalo likhale lolimba kwambiri. Ngakhale pang'onopang'ono, imatha kumasula masamba opindika ndikukankha masamba otayirira kukhala ozungulira komanso owongoka. Mafupa a mbale yopondera amafanana kwambiri ndi kukanda m'mizere. Nthiti zopindika zotsika ndi zazikulu ndizoyenera kukanda masamba anthete ndi atsopano, pamene masamba okhuthala ndi akale sali ophweka kupanga mizere akamakanda; Fupa lopindika ndi lalitali komanso lopapatiza, loyenera kukanda masamba akale komanso atsopano, pomwe kukanda masamba owoneka bwino ndikosavuta kuphwanya. Ndi bwino kukhala ndi chipangizo chosunthika chokanda nthiti za makina ogudubuza kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe lamasamba.

Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kugudubuza ndi kupindika

1. Kutentha ndi chinyezi

Kugudubuza ndi koyenera kumadera omwe ali ndi kutentha kwapakati komanso chinyezi chambiri. Kutentha kwa chipinda sikuyenera kupitirira 25 ℃, ndipo chinyezi chiyenera kukhala pamwamba pa 95%. Chifukwa cha kutentha kopangidwa ndi kugudubuza ndi kukangana, komanso makutidwe ndi okosijeni a zigawo zamkati m'masamba, kutentha kwa masamba opindika nthawi zambiri kumakhala 3-9 ℃ kuposa kutentha kwachipinda. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa masamba kumawonjezera mphamvu ya enzymatic oxidation ya mankhwala a polyphenolic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupangika kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polymerized, zomwe zimachepetsa ndende ndi kufiira kwa supu ya tiyi, kufooketsa kukoma, ndikupangitsa mdima pansi pa masamba. M'masiku otentha a chilimwe, miyeso monga zakumwa zapansi ndi kupopera kwamkati kungatengedwe kuti muchepetse kutentha kwa msonkhano wogubuduza ndikuwonjezera chinyezi cha mpweya.

2. Kuchuluka kwa masamba

Kuchuluka kwa kukanda kuyenera kukhala koyenera. Ngati masamba ochuluka atanyamula, masambawo sakhala ophweka kutembenuka ndipo amatha kupanga mizere yosalala, zomwe zimalepheretsanso kutentha kwa masamba ndikupangitsa kutentha kwa masamba kukwera mofulumira, zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa tiyi wakuda. M'malo mwake, ngati kuchuluka kwa masamba anawonjezera ndi kochepa kwambiri, osati kupanga dzuwa kukhala otsika, koma adagulung'undisa masamba nawonso kuyimitsa mu mbale kukankha, kuchititsa osauka kupiringizika ndi kulephera kukwaniritsa zabwino anagubuduza kwenikweni.

3. Nthawi yopumula

Chiyambi chamasamba a tiyi akugubuduzandiye chiyambi cha kuthirira tiyi wakuda. Ngati nthawi yogubuduza ndi yayitali kwambiri, ma enzymatic oxidation reaction of polyphenolic compounds adzazama, kusungidwa kwa mankhwala a polyphenolic kudzakhala kochepa, ndipo zomwe zili mu theaflavins ndi thearubigins zidzakhala zochepa, zomwe zimabweretsa kukoma kofooka ndi kusowa kwa mtundu wofiira. mu supu ndi masamba. Ngati kugubuduza nthawi ndi yochepa kwambiri, choyamba, masamba ndi zovuta kupanga n'kupanga n'kupanga, ndipo kachiwiri, mlingo wa kuwonongeka kwa masamba maselo zimakhala si mkulu, chifukwa chosakwanira nayonso mphamvu digiri, zikubweretsa wobiriwira ndi astringent fungo lakuda tiyi. , ndipo pansi pa masamba kusanduka wakuda. Kuti tiyi wakuda ukhale wabwino, masamba okulungidwa nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuthiriridwa padera m'chipinda chowotchera kwa maola 1-2. Chifukwa chake, powonetsetsa kuti tiyi wakuda watulutsa zokolola, nthawi yowotchera panthawi yakugudubuza iyenera kuchepetsedwa momwe mungathere.