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"He aha kāu e hana ai me 200 rupees i kēia lā?" i nīnau ai ʻo Joshula Gurung, he ʻohi kī ma ka ʻāina kī kī CD Block Ging ma Pulbazar, Darjeeling, loaʻa iā Rs 232 i ka lā. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he 400 rupees i Siliguri, 60 mau kilomita mai Darjeeling, a me ke kūlanakauhale nui kokoke loa kahi e mālama ʻia ai nā limahana no nā maʻi koʻikoʻi.
ʻO kēia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā ʻumi kaukani o nā limahana ma nā mahi kī o North Bengal, nona ka 50 pakeneka o nā wahine. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou hōʻike ma Darjeeling ua uku ʻia lākou i ka uku liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana hana colonial, ʻaʻohe kuleana ʻāina, a ua kaupalena ʻia ke komo ʻana i nā papahana aupuni.
"ʻO nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi a me nā kūlana ola ʻole o ka poʻe hana kī e hoʻomanaʻo nei i ka hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mea mahi kanu Pelekane i ka wā colonial," wahi a kahi hōʻike komite kū i ka makahiki 2022.
Ke hoʻāʻo nei nā limahana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou ola, ʻōlelo lākou, a ʻae ka poʻe loea. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka hapa nui o nā limahana i kā lākou mau keiki a hoʻouna iā lākou e hana ma nā mahiko. Ua ʻike mākou e hakakā pū ana lākou no ka uku haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻāina no ko lākou home kupuna.
Akā ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ko lākou ola ma muli o ke kūlana o ka ʻoihana kīʻaha Darjeeling ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ka hoʻokūkū mai ke kī liʻiliʻi, ka emi ʻana o ka mākeke honua a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hana a me ke koi a mākou e wehewehe ai i kēia mau ʻatikala ʻelua. ʻO ka ʻatikala mua kahi ʻāpana o kahi moʻo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua a me ka hapa hope e pili ana i ke kūlana o nā limahana mahi kī.
Mai ke kau ʻana o ke Kānāwai Hoʻoponopono ʻĀina i ka makahiki 1955, ʻaʻohe kuleana o ka ʻāina kanu kī ma North Bengal akā ua hoʻolimalima ʻia. Aupuni mokuʻāina.
No nā hanauna, ua kūkulu nā limahana kī i ko lākou mau home ma ka ʻāina manuahi ma nā mea kanu ma nā ʻāina ʻo Darjeeling, Duars a me Terai.
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe helu kūhelu mai ka Papa Tea o India, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka West Bengal Labor Council i ka makahiki 2013, ʻo ka heluna o nā māla kī nui o Darjeeling Hills, Terai a me Durs he 11,24,907, nona ka 2,62,426. he poʻe kamaʻāina mau a ʻoi aku ma mua o 70,000+ mau limahana manawaleʻa a ʻaelike.
Ma ke ʻano he relic o ka colonial i hala, ua kauoha nā mea nona nā ʻohana e noho ana ma ka ʻāina e hoʻouna i hoʻokahi lālā e hana i ka māla kī a i ʻole e nalowale ko lākou home. ʻAʻohe kuleana o ka poʻe limahana, no laila ʻaʻohe palapala kuleana i kapa ʻia ʻo parja-patta.
Wahi a kahi noiʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo "Labor Exploitation in the Tea Plantations of Darjeeling" i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 2021, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana mau ma nā māla kī o North Bengal hiki ke loaʻa wale ma o ka pilina, ʻaʻole i hiki ke loaʻa kahi mākeke hana manuahi a wehe ʻia, e alakaʻi ana i ka ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka hana kauā. Nūpepa no ka hoʻokele kānāwai a me ke kanaka. ”
Ke uku ʻia nei nā mea koho i Rs 232 i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana i ke kālā e komo ana i loko o ka waihona mālama kālā, loaʻa i nā limahana ma kahi o 200 rupee, ʻōlelo lākou ʻaʻole lawa ke ola a kūpono ʻole i ka hana a lākou e hana ai.
Wahi a Mohan Chirimar, Luna Hoʻokele o Singtom Tea Estate, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻana no nā limahana kī ma North Bengal ma luna o 40%. "Aneane ka hapalua o kā mākou limahana māla ʻaʻole hele hou i ka hana."
"ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ʻewalu mau hola o ka hana koʻikoʻi a me ka hana akamai ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka poʻe hana o nā mea kanu kī i kēlā me kēia lā," wahi a Sumendra Tamang, he mea hoʻoikaika i nā kuleana hana kī ma North Bengal. "He mea maʻamau i ka poʻe ke hoʻokuʻu i ka hana ma nā mahi kī a hana ma MGNREGA [ka papahana hana kua'āina o ke aupuni] a i ʻole ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka uku."
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Joshila Gurung o ka hale kī kī Ging ma Darjeeling a me kāna mau hoa hana ʻo Sunita Biki lāua ʻo Chandramati Tamang i kā lākou koi nui i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka uku haʻahaʻa no nā mahi kī.
Wahi a ka ʻatikala hou loa i hoʻopuka ʻia e ke Komisina o Labour Office o ke Aupuni o West Bengal, ʻo ka uku haʻahaʻa o kēlā me kēia lā no nā limahana mahiʻai mākaukau ʻole he Rs 284 me ka ʻai ʻole a me Rs 264 me nā meaʻai.
Eia naʻe, hoʻoholo ʻia ka uku o ka poʻe hana kī e kahi ʻaha hui ʻekolu i hele ʻia e nā ʻelele o nā hui o nā mea kī kī, nā uniona a me nā luna aupuni. Ua makemake nā uniona e hoʻonoho i ka uku o kēlā me kēia lā o Rs 240, akā ma Iune ua hoʻolaha ke aupuni West Bengal iā Rs 232.
ʻO Rakesh Sarki, ka luna o nā mea ʻohi ma Happy Valley, ka lua o ka lua o ka lua o ka lua o ka mahi kī tiʻa, ua hoʻopiʻi pū kekahi e pili ana i ka uku uku ʻole. "ʻAʻole mākou i uku mau ʻia mai ka makahiki 2017. Hāʻawi lākou iā mākou i ka huina kālā i kēlā me kēia ʻelua a ʻekolu mau mahina. I kekahi manawa ua lōʻihi ka lohi, a ua like ia me kēlā me kēia kanu kī ma ka puʻu.
"Ma muli o ka hoʻonui mau a me ke kūlana hoʻokele waiwai ma India, ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo pehea e hiki ai i kahi mea hana kī ke kākoʻo iā ia iho a me kona ʻohana ma Rs 200 i ka lā," wahi a Dawa Sherpa, he haumāna kauka ma ka Center for Economic Research. Ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma India. Ke Kulanui ʻo Jawaharlal Nehru, no Kursong. "ʻO Darjeeling lāua ʻo Assam ka uku haʻahaʻa loa no nā limahana kī. Ma kahi kanu kī ma Sikkim kokoke, loaʻa nā limahana ma kahi o Rs 500 i ka lā. Ma Kerala, ʻoi aku ka uku o kēlā me kēia lā i Rs 400, ʻoiai ma Tamil Nadu, a ma kahi o Rs 350 wale nō.
ʻO kahi hōʻike 2022 mai ke Kōmike Kūʻai Kūʻai i kāhea ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kānāwai uku haʻahaʻa no nā limahana mahi kī kī, e ʻōlelo ana ʻo ka uku o kēlā me kēia lā ma nā māla kī o Darjeeling "kekahi o nā uku haʻahaʻa loa no kekahi limahana hana ma ka ʻāina".
He haʻahaʻa a paʻa ʻole ka uku, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻonāwaliwali ai nā tausani o nā limahana e like me Rakesh lāua ʻo Joshira i kā lākou mau keiki mai ka hana ʻana i nā mahi kī. “Ke hana ikaika nei mākou e hoʻonaʻauao i kā mākou mau keiki. ʻAʻole ia ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa, akā hiki iā lākou ke heluhelu a kākau. No ke aha lākou e uhaʻi ai i ko lākou mau iwi no kahi ʻoihana uku haʻahaʻa ma kahi kanu kī, "wahi a Joshira, kāna keiki he kuke ma Bangalore. Manaʻo ʻo ia ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana kī no nā hanauna no ko lākou ʻike ʻole. "Pono kā mākou mau keiki e uhaʻi i ke kaulahao."
Ma waho aʻe o ka uku, hiki i nā limahana kīhāpai ke mālama i nā kālā, nā penikala, nā hale, nā mālama olakino manuahi, ka hoʻonaʻauao manuahi no kā lākou mau keiki, nā kahu hānai no nā limahana wahine, nā wahie, a me nā mea pale e like me nā pale, nā umbrellas, nā ʻaʻahu ua, a me nā kāmaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Wahi a kēia hōʻike alakaʻi, ʻo ka huina o ka uku o kēia mau limahana ma kahi o Rs 350 i kēlā me kēia lā. Pono nā mea hana e uku i nā bonus ʻahaʻaina makahiki no Durga Puja.
ʻO Darjeeling Organic Tea Estates Private Limited, ka mea nona mua o 10 mau ʻāina ma North Bengal, me Happy Valley, i kūʻai aku i kāna mau māla i Kepakemapa, waiho ʻoi aku ma mua o 6,500 mau limahana me ka uku ʻole, nā kālā mālama, nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a me nā puja bonus.
I ʻOkakopa, ua kūʻai hope ʻo Darjeeling Organic Tea Plantation Sdn Bhd i ʻeono o kāna mau māla kī 10. “ʻAʻole i uku nā mea hou i kā mākou ʻaiʻē. ʻAʻole i uku ʻia nā uku a ʻo ka Pujo bonus wale nō i uku ʻia, "wahi a Happy Valley's Sarkey i Nowemapa.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sobhadebi Tamang, ua like ke kūlana o kēia manawa me ka Peshok Tea Garden ma lalo o ka mea nona ka Silicon Agriculture Tea Company. "Ua hoʻomaha koʻu makuahine, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna CPF a me kāna ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo. Ua hoʻohiki ka hoʻokele hou i ka uku ʻana i kā mākou mau uku āpau i ʻekolu ʻāpana ma ka lā 31 Iulai [2023].
ʻO kāna luna, ʻo Pesang Norbu Tamang, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole i noho nā mea hou a e uku koke lākou i kā lākou uku, me ka hoʻohui ʻana ua uku ʻia ka uku o Pujo i ka manawa. Ua pane koke ka hoa hana o Sobhadebi, ʻo Sushila Rai. "ʻAʻole lākou i uku pono iā mākou."
"ʻO kā mākou uku i kēlā me kēia lā ʻo Rs 202, akā ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ke aupuni iā ​​​​Rs 232. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā mea nona ka piʻi ʻana o Iune, ua kūpono mākou i ka uku hou mai Ianuali," wahi āna. "ʻAʻole i uku ka mea nona."
Wahi a kahi noiʻi 2021 i paʻi ʻia ma ka International Journal of Legal Management and the Humanities, hoʻohana pinepine nā luna o nā mea kanu kī i ka ʻeha i hana ʻia e ka pani ʻana o ka māla kī, hoʻoweliweli i nā limahana ke koi lākou i ka uku i manaʻo ʻia. "ʻO kēia hoʻoweliweli o ka pani ʻana e kau i ke kūlana i ka makemake o ka hoʻokele a pono e mālama pono nā limahana."
"ʻAʻole loa i loaʻa i ka poʻe Teamaker nā kālā mālama a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ... ʻoiai ke koi ʻia lākou [nā mea nona] e hana pēlā, e uku mau ʻia lākou ma mua o nā limahana i loaʻa i ko lākou manawa i ke kauā," wahi a Tamang.
He hihia hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka mana o ka poʻe paʻahana ma waena o nā mea kanu kī a me nā limahana. Wahi a ka poʻe nona ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou mau home ma nā mahi kī inā ʻaʻole lākou e hana ma ka mahiko, a ʻōlelo ka poʻe limahana e hāʻawi ʻia i nā kuleana ʻāina no ka mea ua noho mau ko lākou ʻohana ma ka ʻāina.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Chirimar o Singtom Tea Estate ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 pakeneka o ka poʻe ma Singtom Tea Estate ʻaʻole i māla hou. “Hele ka poʻe i Singapore a me Dubai no ka hana, a ke hauʻoli nei ko lākou ʻohana ma ʻaneʻi i nā pōmaikaʻi hale manuahi… ʻĀnō, pono ke aupuni e hana i nā hana koʻikoʻi e hōʻoia i ka hoʻouna ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻohana o ka māla kī i hoʻokahi lālā e hana i ka māla. E hele a hana, ʻaʻohe pilikia o mākou. "
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Unionist Sunil Rai, ke kākau ʻōlelo hui o ka hui ʻo Terai Dooars Chia Kaman Mazdoor ma Darjeeling, ke hāʻawi nei nā kīʻaha kī "ʻaʻohe palapala hōʻoia" i nā limahana e ʻae iā lākou e kūkulu i ko lākou mau home ma nā ʻāina kī. "No ke aha lākou i haʻalele ai i ka hale a lākou i kūkulu ai?"
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Rai, ʻo ia ka mea haʻiʻōlelo no ka United Forum (Hills), kahi hui kalepa o nā hui politika ma Darjeeling a me Kalimpong, ʻaʻohe kuleana o nā limahana i ka ʻāina e kū ai ko lākou mau hale a me ko lākou kuleana i parja-patta ( koi lōʻihi no nā palapala e hōʻoia ana i ka kuleana o ka ʻāina) i mālama ʻole ʻia.
No ka loaʻa ʻole o nā palapala inoa a me nā hoʻolimalima, ʻaʻole hiki i nā limahana ke hoʻopaʻa inoa i kā lākou waiwai me nā hoʻolālā inikua.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Manju Rai, kahi mea hōʻuluʻulu ma ka ʻāina kīʻaha ʻo Tukvar ma ka hapahā CD Pulbazar o Darjeeling, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka uku no kona home, i hōʻino ʻia e ka ʻāina. "Ua hiolo ka hale aʻu i kūkulu ai [ma muli o ka hili ʻāina i ka makahiki i hala]," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻohe, nā ʻeke jute kahiko a me kahi tarp i hoʻopakele i kona hale mai ka luku loa ʻana. “ʻAʻohe oʻu kālā e kūkulu i hale ʻē aʻe. Hana kaʻu mau keiki kāne ʻelua i ka halihali. ʻAʻole lawa kā lākou loaʻa kālā. He mea maikaʻi loa kēlā me kēia kōkua mai ka hui. "
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike o ke Kōmike Kūʻokoʻa Parliamentary "e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa ka ʻōnaehana i ka kūleʻa o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono ʻāina o ka ʻāina ma o ka pale ʻana i nā limahana kī mai ka hauʻoli ʻana i kā lākou kuleana ʻāina kumu ʻoiai ʻehiku makahiki o ke kūʻokoʻa."
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Rai, ua piʻi ka noi no ka parja patta mai ka makahiki 2013. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻoiai ua hoʻokuʻu nā luna koho a me nā poʻe kālai'āina i ka poʻe hana kī, pono lākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka poʻe hana kī i kēia manawa, me ka ʻike ʻana ua loaʻa iā Darjeeling MP Raju Bista. ua hoʻokomo i kahi kānāwai e hāʻawi i ka parja patta no nā limahana kī. . Ke loli nei nā manawa, me ka mālie. "
ʻO Dibyendu Bhattacharya, ke kākau ʻōlelo hui o ka West Bengal Ministry of Land and Agrarian Reform and Refugees, Relief and Rehabilitation, nāna e mālama i nā pilikia ʻāina ma Darjeeling ma lalo o ke keʻena like o ke kākau ʻōlelo ʻoihana, hōʻole e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ia mea. ʻO nā kelepona pinepine ʻia: "ʻAʻole wau i ʻae ʻia e ʻōlelo i ka media."
Ma ke noi ʻana o ka mea huna, ua hoʻouna ʻia aku ka leka uila i ke kākau ʻōlelo me kahi nīnau kikoʻī e nīnau ana i ke kumu i hāʻawi ʻole ʻia ai nā kuleana ʻāina. E hōʻano hou mākou i ka moʻolelo ke pane ʻo ia.
Ua kākau ʻo Rajeshvi Pradhan, kahi mea kākau mai Rajiv Gandhi National Law University, i kahi pepa 2021 e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana: "ʻO ka nele o kahi mākeke hana a me ka nele o nā kuleana ʻāina no nā limahana ʻaʻole wale e hōʻoia i ka hana maʻalahi akā i nā limahana hana. ʻO ka poʻe hana o ka mahi kī kī Darjeeling. "ʻO ka nele o nā manawa hana ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻāina, i hui pū ʻia me ka makaʻu i ka nalowale ʻana o ko lākou mau home home, ua hoʻonui i kā lākou hoʻokauwā ʻana."
Wahi a ka poʻe loea, ʻo ke kumu o ka pilikia o ka poʻe hana kī ʻo ia ka hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻole a nāwaliwali paha o ka 1951 Plantation Labor Act. ʻO nā mea kanu kī a pau i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia e ka Tea Board of India ma Darjeeling, Terai a me Duars i lalo o ke kānāwai. No laila, ua loa'a i nā limahana a me nā 'ohana pa'a a pau i loko o kēia mau kīhāpai nā pōmaika'i ma lalo o ke kānāwai.
Ma lalo o ke Kānāwai Mahi Mahi kanu, 1956, ua hoʻoholo ke Aupuni o West Bengal i ke West Bengal Plantation Labor Act, 1956 e hana i ke kānāwai Central. Eia naʻe, ʻōlelo ʻo Sherpas lāua ʻo Tamang, aneane hiki i nā ʻāina nui 449 o North Bengal ke pale maʻalahi i nā hoʻoponopono kūloko a mokuʻāina.
Ua ʻōlelo ka Plantation Labor Act "ʻo kēlā me kēia mea hana ke kuleana no ka hoʻolako a mālama ʻana i nā hale kūpono no nā limahana āpau a me nā lālā o ko lākou ʻohana e noho ana ma kahi mahiko." Ua ʻōlelo nā mea kanu kī ʻo ka ʻāina manuahi a lākou i hāʻawi ai ma mua o 100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo ia kā lākou waihona hale no nā limahana a me ko lākou ʻohana.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 mau mea mahi kī liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole mālama pono i ka Plantation Labor Act o 1951 no ka mea hana lākou ma lalo o 5 mau ʻeka me ka ʻole o kāna hoʻoponopono, wahi a Sherpa.
ʻO Manju, nona nā hale i hoʻopōʻino ʻia e ka hili ʻāina, ke kuleana e uku ʻia ma lalo o ke Kānāwai Mahi Hoʻoulu ʻo 1951. Hiki ke pale ʻia kēia inā loaʻa ko mākou ʻāina i ka parja patta, "wahi a Ram Subba, ka luna o Tukvar Tea Estate Manju, a me nā mea ʻohi ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻomaopopo ke Kōmike Kūʻokoʻa Kūʻai "Ua hakakā nā Dummies no ko lākou kuleana i ko lākou ʻāina, ʻaʻole wale no ke ola ʻana, akā no ke kanu ʻana i ko lākou ʻohana make." Hoʻopuka ke kōmike i ke kānāwai e "ʻike i nā kuleana a me nā poʻo inoa o nā limahana kī liʻiliʻi a ʻokiʻoki i nā ʻāina a me nā waiwai o ko lākou mau kūpuna."
ʻO ka Plant Protection Act 2018 i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Tea Board of India e paipai i nā limahana e hoʻolako ʻia me ka pale poʻo, nā kāmaʻa, nā mīkina lima, nā pale a me nā lole holoʻokoʻa e pale aku ai i nā pesticides a me nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke kula.
Hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe hana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea hana hou i ka wā e pau ai a haki paha i ka wā. “ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā mākou nā maka aniani i ka wā e pono ai. ʻOiai nā pale, nā mīkina lima a me nā kāmaʻa, pono mākou e hakakā, e hoʻomanaʻo mau i ka luna, a laila hoʻopaneʻe ka luna i ka ʻae ʻia, "wahi a Gurung mai Jin Tea Plantation. "Ua hana ʻo ia [ka luna] me he mea lā e uku ana ʻo ia i kā mākou mea hana mai kāna ʻeke ponoʻī. Akā inā i haʻalele mākou i ka hana no ka mea ʻaʻohe o mākou mau mīkina lima a i ʻole kekahi mea, ʻaʻole ia e nele i ka unuhi ʻana i kā mākou uku. .
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Joshila ʻaʻole i pale ka mīkina lima i kona mau lima mai ka ʻala ʻona o nā pesticides āna i hoʻolele ai i nā lau kī. "Hono kā mākou meaʻai e like me nā lā a mākou e pīpī ai i nā kemika." mai hoohana hou. Mai hopohopo, he poʻe palau ʻai mākou. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻai a ʻeli i kekahi mea.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike 2022 BEHANBOX ua ʻike ʻia nā wahine e hana ana i nā mahi kī ma North Bengal i nā pesticides, herbicides a me nā mea kanu me ka ʻole o nā lako pale pono, e hoʻopilikia ai i ka ʻili, ka ʻike maka, ka hanu a me nā maʻi digestive.