ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hui ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika mechanical e kāwili, ʻomi, ʻoki, a ʻōwili paha i nā lau maloʻo i loko o ke ʻano ʻāpana i makemake ʻia no ke kī ʻeleʻele ʻo Gongfu, a i ʻole ke kāwili ʻana a ʻoki ʻia i loko o ke ʻano ʻāpana i makemake ʻia no ke kī ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā lau hou he paʻakikī a palupalu ma muli o ko lākou ʻano kino, a he paʻakikī ke hoʻolike pololei ʻana iā lākou ma ka ʻōwili ʻana me ka maloʻo ʻole. ʻO ke kaʻina ʻōwili (ʻoki) ʻo ia ka hopena o ka ikaika mechanical, a inā ʻaʻole i mālama pono ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hana i nā lau maloʻo i ke ʻano. Aia ma lalo iho kahi hoʻolauna pōkole i ka mana o ka ʻōwili ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano a me ka maikaʻi o ke kī ʻeleʻele.

ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka'ōwili mua e pili ana i nā waiwai kino o nā lau, e like me ka palupalu, ka paʻakikī, ka plasticity, viscosity, etc. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika o ka hamo ʻana i nā lau e hoʻohālikelike iā lākou i ke ʻano, pono ka palupalu maikaʻi o nā lau maloʻo a me ka maʻalahi deformation ma lalo o ke kaumaha. ; ʻO ka lua, pono e loaʻa i nā lau maloʻo ka paʻakikī maikaʻi a hiki ke hoʻololi i lalo o ke kaumaha me ka haki ʻole; ʻO ke kolu o nā koi, ʻo nā lau maloʻo he plasticity maikaʻi a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi maʻalahi i ko lākou ʻano kumu ma hope o ka deformation ma lalo o ke kaumaha. Eia kekahi, inā he viscosity maikaʻi nā lau i ʻōwili ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonui i ka plasticity.

ʻO ka ʻōwili a me nā waiwai kino o nā lau

Aia ka pilina curvilinear ma waena o ka makū o nā lau maloʻo a me ko lākou mau waiwai kino. He kiʻekiʻe ka makū o nā lau hou, e hoʻohūhū ana i ke kelepona, palupalu a paʻakikī ka lau lau, a me nā waiwai kino e like me ka palupalu, ka paʻakikī, ka palaka, a me ka viscosity. I ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka wai lau hou i ka wā e maloʻo ai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau waiwai kino.

Ke hāʻule ka mākū o nā lau maloʻo ma kahi o 50%, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai kino o nā lau. Inā hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o ka mākū o nā lau maloʻo, e emi pū ana nā waiwai kino o nā lau. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke kaʻina like ʻole o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka lau i ka wā maloʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai o ke kumu ma mua o nā lau, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o ka lau a me nā kihi he haʻahaʻa ka wai ma mua o ke kumu o nā lau.

No laila, i ka hana maoli ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻamau maʻamau no ka lau maloʻo ma mua o 50%, a ma kahi o 60% kūpono. No laila, ʻike ʻia ke kaʻina maloʻo ʻo "ka maloʻo o nā lau kahiko", kahi "ʻoluʻolu" e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻoluʻolu o nā lau kahiko i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā lau ʻoluʻolu i ka wā e maloʻo ai, i mea e maʻalahi ai ka ʻōwili ʻana a me ke ʻano.

Aia kekahi pilina ma waena o ka mahana o ka lau i ka wā o ka ʻōwili ʻana a me nā waiwai kino o nā lau. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka mahana o ka lau, hoʻomaha ka molecular structure o nā mea i loko, a hoʻonui ʻia ka palupalu, paʻakikī, a me ka palaka o nā lau. Maikaʻi no nā lau kahiko, kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka cellulose a me ka palupalu palupalu a me ka plasticity, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lau i ka wā o ka ʻōwili ʻana, he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai kino o nā lau kahiko.

ʻO ke kaʻina o ka ʻōwili ʻana i nā lau i ʻāpana

ʻO ka ʻānai ʻana a me ka wili ʻana i nā pūʻulu lau e neʻe like me ka neʻe ʻana i ka pōʻai palahalaha i loko o ka bākeke kāwili. Ma lalo o ka hana hui ʻana o ka bākeke kāwili ʻana, kaomi ʻana i ka uhi, kawili diski, nā iwi ʻaoʻao, a me ka ikaika multi-directional o ka puʻupuʻu lau ponoʻī, ʻo nā lau i loko o ka pūʻulu lau e paʻi ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao a pau, e ʻānai a kāwili ʻia ma ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao. ʻo nā ʻaʻa nui i loko o nā ʻāpana paʻa, poepoe, a pahee. I ka manawa like, ʻānai ʻia ka ʻiʻo o ka lau lau, hoʻonui i ka palupalu a me ka plasticity o nā lau. I ka manawa like, e ʻomi a hui pū i ka wai kī e hoʻonui i ka paʻa o nā lau. Ua hana kēia mau mea a pau i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā lau i loko o nā ʻāpana. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wrinkles a me nā hiʻohiʻona ma kēlā me kēia lau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōwili ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana paʻa.

I ka pae mua okī ʻeleʻele kaʻa, pono e loaʻa i nā pūʻulu lau ke kaomi, akā ʻaʻole pono ke kiʻekiʻe. Ma muli o ka nui o ke kaomi ʻana, ua pelu ʻia nā lau ma lalo o ke kaomi kūʻokoʻa unilateral, a ʻo nā lau me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi ʻole e haki i nā ʻāpana i nā ʻāpana. He mea paʻakikī loa ka ʻōwili ʻana i nā lau i ʻōwili ʻia a i ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana. No laila, i ka wā mua o ka ʻōwili ʻana, he mea nui e haku i ke kaomi māmā. I ka holo ʻana o ke kaʻina hana, piʻi mālie nā wrinkles a me nā ʻano o nā lau i ʻōwili ʻia, piʻi ka palupalu, plasticity, a me ka viscosity, a emi ka leo. I kēia manawa, hoʻonui mālie i ke kaomi, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, e hoʻonui i nā wrinkles a me nā hiʻohiʻona ma nā lau, e hana ana i nā kaha mānoanoa; Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka friction ma waena o nā lau e hopena i nā mana frictional like ʻole e hana ana ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā lau a me nā ʻano wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka torque. ʻO ka hopena, wili mālie ke kaula mānoanoa i loko o kahi kaula paʻa ma o ka hana ʻana o ka torque.

Ma muli o ka palupalu a me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe o nā lau palupalu, ʻaʻole pono lākou e hele i nā kaʻina hana he nui e hana i nā wrinkles a hiki ke wili pololei ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana paʻa. ʻOi aku ka paʻa o ke kaula, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka viscosity, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka friction, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka torque i hana ʻia. Inā hoʻomau ʻia ka kaomi ʻana a me ka wili ʻana, hiki ke ʻoki ʻia nā kaula o nā lau i ke kaomi ʻana. I kēia manawa, pono e kāpae ʻia ka ʻōwili ʻana a me ka wili ʻana, a pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lau i ulana paʻa ʻia me ke ʻano o ka māhele ʻana a me ke kānana. No nā lau kahiko me nā kaula ʻeleʻele a maloʻo, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi pōʻai ʻelua o ka ʻōwili a me ka wili, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaomi e hoʻololi i nā lau ʻoi aku ka elastic, e hana hou i nā wrinkles, deformation, a me ka wili ʻana i nā ʻāpana paʻa.

I ka wā o ka ʻōwili ʻana, ʻo nā lau me ka palupalu maikaʻi a me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe e maʻalahi i ka pili ʻana a me ka ʻōwili liʻiliʻi ʻana i loko o nā puʻupuʻu, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa a paʻa i lalo o ke kaomi. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia mau puʻupuʻu i ka wā e maloʻo ai, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā e waiho ai, e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka pūʻulu kī holoʻokoʻa. Inā hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia nā ʻōpala i ka wā e maloʻo ai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kaula i kāwili ʻia a ʻoluʻolu a ʻaʻole hoʻi i loko o ke ʻano ʻāpana, e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā lau kī. No laila, i ke kaʻina o ka ʻōwili ʻana a me ka wili, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka hui ʻana o ke kaomi a me ke kaomi wehe ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope o kekahi mau minuke o ke kaomi, inā hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā puʻupuʻu, pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ke kaomi i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻopau i nā puʻupuʻu wehe. ma lalo o ka hopena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka bakeke ʻōwili. Ma hope o kekahi mau minuke o ke kaomi ʻana, inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau loa i nā puʻupuʻu, i kekahi manawa pono e hoʻohui i ka nānā ʻana me ka ʻōwili ʻana no kekahi manawa e hoʻopau i nā puʻupuʻu.

Nā koi ʻenehana no ka ʻōwili a me ka wili

ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā kaula lau wili ʻia ka hopena o ka hui pū ʻana o ka puʻe a me nā ikaika friction. ʻO nā ikaika paʻi ka mea e ʻōwili ai nā lau ma ke aʻa nui i loko o ke ʻano elliptical spiral, ʻoiai hiki i ke kaomi ke hoʻonui i nā ikaika friction a e hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā lau i ʻāpana. ʻO ka ikaika o ke kaomi, ka lōʻihi a me ka manawa o ka noi ikaika, a me ke alapine o ka hoʻohana ʻana e pili ana a pili pono, a pono e hoʻoholo ʻia ma muli o ka maikaʻi, ka nui, a me ka mīkini ʻōwili o nā lau.

1. ʻenehana kaomi

Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, kaumaha ke kaomi a paʻa paʻa nā kaula; He māmā ke kaomi, a mānoanoa nā kaula. Akā, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ke kaomi, a palahalaha nā lau a ʻaʻole poepoe, me nā ʻāpana haʻihaʻi he nui; He haʻahaʻa loa ke kaomi, mānoanoa a hemo nā lau, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hui ʻana. He palupalu nā lau, a he liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā lau. Pono e māmā ke kaomi; Ua kahiko nā lau, no laila pono ke kaumaha.

Inā ma lalo o ka māmā a kaumaha paha, pili ia i ka lōʻihi o ka noi kaomi. He lōʻihi loa ka manawa kaomi, a palahalaha a haki nā lau; He pōkole loa ka manawa o ka kaomi ʻana, a hemo a mānoanoa nā lau. He pōkole ka manawa kaomi no ka lau ʻoluʻolu, ʻoiai he lōʻihi ka manawa kaomi no nā lau kahiko; ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā lau i ka manawa pōkole, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lau i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa kaomi.

Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka pressurization me ka helu o nā pōʻai pressurization. ʻO nā pōʻai kaomi he nui a me ka lōʻihi pōkole; Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ke kaomi a no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka nui o nā manawa e hoʻopili ʻia ai ke kaomi e pili ana i ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o nā lau. Inā haʻahaʻa ka maikaʻi o ka lau a liʻiliʻi ka nui, liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā manawa kaomi, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia kaomi; Ua kahiko nā lau i ka maikaʻi a ua nui ka nui, me ka nui o ka manawa kaomi a me ka manawa pōkole i kēlā me kēia manawa. ʻO ka helu o nā pōʻaiapili kaomi ma lalo o ʻelua manawa no ka māmā a me ke kaumaha, a ʻoi aku ʻelima mau manawa no ka māmā, kaumaha, kaumaha, kaumaha, a me ka māmā.

Aia ka ʻokoʻa o ka manawa kaomi ma waena o ke kakahiaka a me ka hope. ʻO ka hopena o ka paʻi mua ʻana i nā lau palahalaha a poʻe ʻole; ʻO ka lōʻihi loa, ua wehe nā lau akā ʻaʻole paʻa. Nui nā lau a hiki ke kaomi ma hope; Ua kahiko nā lau akā i nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili mua ʻana. I ka pōkole, ʻokoʻa ka ikaika, ka lōʻihi, a me ka pinepine o ka noi kaomi, a me ka manawa o ka noi kaomi, e like me ka maikaʻi o ka lau a me ka manawa ʻōwili. ʻO ka'ōlelo maʻalahi, he māmā ke kaomi i nā lau palupalu, pinepineʻole, pōkole, a lohi; ʻO Lao Ye ka mea kū'ē.

2. Ka mana omīkini kī kī

Pono ka wikiwiki o ka mīkini ʻōwili e hahai i ke kumu o ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki. E hoʻolohi mua, i ʻole e pelu a ʻokiʻoki i nā lau, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻohua mai i ka wela ma muli o ka ʻānai ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻāwili ʻana, e piʻi koke ai ka wela o ka lau. Ma hope aku, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wili ʻana o ka maka i loko o kahi ʻano spiral, hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka wili ʻana o ka maka. ʻOi aku ka lohi, hiki iā ia ke wehe i nā lau ʻāpī a kāwili hou i nā lau i ʻōpuni a pololei. ʻO ke ʻano o ka iwi o ka pā kāwili ʻia e pili pono ana i ka hui ʻana i nā ʻāpana. He kūpono nā iwi ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa a ākea no ka hui ʻana i nā lau ʻoluʻolu a hou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻalahi nā lau mānoanoa a me nā lau kahiko e hana ʻia i ʻāpana ke kāwili ʻia; He kiʻekiʻe a haiki ka iwi kihi, kūpono no ka hui ʻana i nā lau kahiko a hou, a ʻo ke kāwili ʻana i nā lau maikaʻi he maʻalahi ke ʻoki. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea hoʻoneʻe no ke kāwili ʻana i nā iwi ʻaoʻao o ka mīkini ʻōwili e hoʻololi i nā koi like ʻole o ka maikaʻi o ka lau.

Nā mea e pili ana i ka ʻōwili a me ka wili

1. Ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa

He kūpono ka ʻōwili ʻana no nā kaiapuni me ka mahana wela a me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole pono ka mahana o ka lumi ma mua o 25 ℃, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma luna o 95%. Ma muli o ka wela i hana ʻia e ka ʻōwili ʻana a me ka friction, a me ka oxidation o nā mea i loko o nā lau, ʻo ka mahana o nā lau i ʻōwili ʻia ma ke ʻano he 3-9 ℃ kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mahana o ka lumi. Hoʻonui ka wela o ka lau kiʻekiʻe i ka hopena enzymatic oxidation o nā pūhui polyphenolic, ka hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea polymerized kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻike a me ka ʻulaʻula o ke kī kī, hoʻonāwaliwali i ka ʻono, a pōʻeleʻele i lalo o nā lau. I nā lā wela o ke kauwela, hiki ke lawe ʻia nā ana e like me ka inu ʻāina a me ka ʻōpala i loko e hoʻemi i ka mahana o ka hale hana ʻōwili a hoʻonui i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea.

2. Ka nui hānai lau

Pono ka nui o ka hui ʻana. Inā nui nā lau i hoʻouka ʻia, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka huli ʻana o nā lau a hiki ke hana i nā ʻāpana palahalaha, a ke keʻakeʻa nei hoʻi i ka hemo ʻana o ka wela o nā lau a piʻi koke ka wela o ka lau, e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ke kī ʻeleʻele. Eia naʻe, inā he liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā lau i hoʻohui ʻia, ʻaʻole wale ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana ʻana, akā e kū pū nā lau i ʻōwili ʻia i loko o ka pā kneading, e hopena i ka hili ʻana a me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i ka hopena ʻōwili maikaʻi.

3. Ka manawa kaʻa

Ka hoomaka ana olau kī ʻolokaʻaʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka fermentation kī ʻeleʻele. Inā lōʻihi ka manawa o ka holo ʻana, e hohonu ka hopena o ka enzymatic oxidation o nā pūhui polyphenolic, e haʻahaʻa ka paʻa ʻana o nā pūhui polyphenolic, a e haʻahaʻa ka ʻike o nā theaflavins a me thearubigin, e hopena i ka ʻono nāwaliwali a me ka nele o ka ʻulaʻula. i ka sopa a me ka lau. Inā pōkole loa ka manawa o ka ʻōwili ʻana, ʻo ka mea mua, paʻakikī nā lau e hana i loko o nā paʻi, a ʻo ka lua, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā ʻiʻo o ka lau, e hopena i ka lawa ʻole o ka fermentation degere, e alakaʻi ana i kahi ʻala ʻōmaʻomaʻo a astringent o ke kī ʻeleʻele. , a ʻeleʻele ka lalo o nā lau. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maikaʻi maikaʻi o ke kī ʻeleʻele, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lau i ʻōwili ʻia i loko o ke keʻena fermentation no 1-2 mau hola. No laila, ʻoiai e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana kī ʻeleʻele, pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka manawa fermentation i ka wā o ka ʻōwili ʻana e like me ka hiki.