ʻĀpana
ʻO 9,10-Anthraquinone (AQ) he mea haumia me ka hopena carcinogenic hiki ke loaʻa i ke kī a puni ka honua. ʻO ka palena koena kiʻekiʻe (MRL) o AQ i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka European Union (EU) he 0.02 mg/kg. Ua noiʻi ʻia nā kumu kumu o AQ i ka hana kī a me nā pae nui o kona hanana ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano loiloi AQ i hoʻololi ʻia a me ka nānā ʻana i ka chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka uila e like me ke kumu wela i ka hana kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka AQ ma 4.3 a 23.9 mau manawa i ka hana kī me ka lanahu e like me ke kumu wela, ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.02 mg/kg, ʻoiai ʻo ka pae AQ i loko o ke kaiapuni ʻekolu. Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano like i ka hana kī oolong ma lalo o ka wela lanahu. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu me ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana ma waena o nā lau kī a me ka uahi, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka maloʻo ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā ʻanuʻu nui o ka hana AQ i ka hana kī. Ua piʻi aʻe nā pae o AQ me ka piʻi ʻana o ka manawa pili, e hōʻike ana e loaʻa mai nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pollutant AQ i ke kī mai nā uahi i hana ʻia e ka lanahu a me ka puhi ʻana. He kanahā mau laʻana mai nā papa hana like ʻole me ka uila a i ʻole ka lanahu e like me nā kumu wela i kālai ʻia, mai ka 50.0%−85.0% a me 5.0%−35.0% no ka ʻike a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka AQ. Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka AQ maʻiʻo o 0.064 mg / kg i ka huahana kī me ka lanahu e like me ke kumu wela, e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka AQ contamination i nā huahana kī e hāʻawi ʻia e ka lanahu.
Hua'ōlelo: 9,10-Anthraquinone, Ka hana kī, Coal, Contamination source
OLELO HOOLAHA
ʻO ke kī i hana ʻia mai nā lau o nā kumu lāʻau evergreen Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea inu kaulana loa ma ka honua ma muli o kona ʻono hōʻoluʻolu a me nā pono olakino. I ka makahiki 2020 i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana kī i 5,972 miliona metric tons, kahi pālua i nā makahiki he 20 i hala. Ma muli o nāʻano hana likeʻole, aia nāʻano nui o ke kī, e like me ka'ōmaʻomaʻo, ke kīʻeleʻele, ke kīʻeleʻele, ke kī oolong, ke kī keʻokeʻo a me ke kī melemele[2,3]. No ka hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o nā huahana, he mea nui e nānā i nā pae o nā mea haumia a wehewehe i ke kumu.

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu o nā mea haumia, e like me nā koena pesticide, nā metala kaumaha a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe e like me polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ʻo ia ka hana mua e kāohi ai i ka haumia. ʻO ka pulupulu pololei ʻana i nā kemika synthetic i loko o nā mea kanu kī, a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka ea ma muli o nā hana kokoke i nā kīhāpai kī, ʻo ia ke kumu nui o nā koena pesticide i ke kī[4]. Hiki i nā metala koʻikoʻi ke hōʻiliʻili i ke kī a alakaʻi i ka ʻawaʻawa, ka mea i loaʻa mai ka lepo, ka mea momona a me ka lewa[5-7]. No nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o ke kī, paʻakikī loa ka ʻike ʻana ma muli o nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī o ke kaulahao kī ʻana e like me ke kanu ʻana, ka hana ʻana, ka pūʻolo, ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana. ʻO nā PAH i loko o ke kī i loaʻa mai i ka waiho ʻana o ka pau ʻana o nā kaʻa a me ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā e hana ai i nā lau kī, e like me ka wahie a me ka lanahu[8-10].

I ka wā e puhi ʻia ai ka lanahu a me ka wahie, hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea haumia e like me carbon oxides[11]. ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke loaʻa nā koena o kēia mau mea haumia i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna o nā huahana i hoʻoponopono ʻia, e like me ka palaoa, ka mea puhi a me ka iʻa pōpoki, i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻoweliweli ana i ke olakino kanaka [12,13]. ʻO nā PAH i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka puhi ʻana i loaʻa mai ka volatilization o PAH i loko o ka wahie ponoʻī, ka decomposition kiʻekiʻe-mehana o nā mea ʻala a me ka hopena hui ma waena o nā radical manuahi [14]. ʻO ka mahana wela, ka manawa, a me ka ʻike o ka oxygen nā mea nui e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā PAH. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ua hoʻonui mua ka ʻike o nā PAH a laila emi iho, a ua hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai ma 800 °C; Ua emi loa ka maʻiʻo PAH a hiki i ka huli ʻana me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa kuni i ka wā ma lalo o ka palena i kapa ʻia ʻo 'manawa palena', me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike o ka oxygen i loko o ka ea puhi, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o PAH, akā ʻo ka oxidation piha ʻole e hana i nā OPAH a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. −17].

ʻO 9,10-Anthraquinone (AQ, CAS: 84-65-1, Fig. 1), he oxygen-containing derivative o PAHs [18], he ʻekolu mau pōʻai condensed. Ua helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he carcinogen (Group 2B) e ka International Agency for Research on Cancer ma 2014[19]. Hiki i ka AQ ke make i ka topoisomerase II cleavage complex a keʻakeʻa i ka hydrolysis o adenosine triphosphate (ATP) e DNA topoisomerase II, e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā kaula ʻelua o ka DNA, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hōʻike ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi ma lalo o ke kaiapuni i loaʻa i ka AQ a pili pololei me ke kiʻekiʻe o AQ. hiki ke alakaʻi i ka pōʻino DNA, hoʻololi a hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka maʻi kanesa [20]. Ma muli o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino kanaka, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka AQ maximum koena palena (MRL) o 0.02 mg/kg i ke kī e ka European Union. Wahi a kā mākou mau haʻawina mua, ua manaʻo ʻia nā waihona o AQ i kumu nui i ka wā kanu kī[21]. Eia kekahi, e pili ana i nā hopena hoʻokolohua ma ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele o Indonesia, ua ʻike ʻia ua loli nui ka pae AQ a ua manaʻo ʻia ka uahi mai nā lako hana ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui[22]. Eia naʻe, ua paʻakikī ke kumu kūpono o AQ i ka hana kī, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau hypotheses o ke ala kemika AQ [23,24], e hōʻike ana he mea nui loa ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka pae AQ i ka hana kī.

Kiʻi 1. ʻO ke kumu kemika o AQ.

Hāʻawi ʻia i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o AQ i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana i ka lanahu a me ka weliweli o nā wahie i ka hana kī, ua lawe ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻohālikelike e wehewehe i ka hopena o ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā kumu wela ma AQ i ke kī a me ka ea, ka helu helu ʻana i nā loli o ka ʻike AQ. ma nā ʻanuʻu hana like ʻole, he mea kōkua ia e hōʻoia i ke kumu kūpono, ke ʻano hanana a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution AQ i ka hana kī.

HANA
Ka hōʻoia ʻana
Ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia me kā mākou aʻo mua [21], ua hui pūʻia kahi kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe wai-wai ma mua o ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka GC-MS / MS i mea e hoʻonui ai i kaʻike a mālama i nā'ōlelo instrumental. Ma Fig 2b, ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka hāpana, ua ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala. Ma Fig 2a, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi kikoʻī scan piha (50−350 m/z) ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka laina kumu o ka spectrum MS a ua loaʻa nā kiʻekiʻe chromatographic liʻiliʻi, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka nui o nā pūhui hoʻopilikia ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe wai-wai.

Kiʻi 2. (a) Kiʻi kikoʻī piha o ka hāpana ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana. (b) Ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ke ʻano i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia.
Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻoia ʻana o ke ʻano, me ka linearity, recovery, limit of quantitation (LOQ) a me ka matrix effect (ME), ma ka Papa 1. Ua ʻoluʻolu ka loaʻa ʻana o ka linearity me ka coefficient o ka hoʻoholo (r2) ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 0.998, mai ka 0.005. i 0.2 mg / kg i loko o ke kī matrix a me ka acetonitrile solvent, a ma ka ea hāpana me ka laulā o 0.5 i 8 μg/m3.

Ua loiloi ʻia ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o AQ ma ʻekolu mau kikoʻī kikoʻī ma waena o ke ana a me ka ʻike maoli i ke kī maloʻo (0.005, 0.02, 0.05 mg/kg), nā kī kī hou (0.005, 0.01, 0.02 mg/kg) a me ka laʻana ea (0.5, 1.5, 3). μg/m3). Loaʻa ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o AQ i ke kī mai 77.78% a i 113.02% i ke kī maloʻo a mai 96.52% a i 125.69% i nā kī kī, me ka RSD% haʻahaʻa ma mua o 15%. ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o AQ i nā laʻana ea mai 78.47% a i 117.06% me RSD% ma lalo o 20%. ʻO ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa spiked i ʻike ʻia ʻo LOQ, ʻo ia ka 0.005 mg/kg, 0.005 mg/kg a me 0.5 μg/m³ i loko o nā kī kī, kī maloʻo a me nā mea hoʻohālike ea. E like me ka mea i helu ʻia ma ka Papa 1, ua hoʻonui iki ka matrix o nā kī maloʻo a me nā kī kī i ka pane AQ, e alakaʻi ana i ka ME o 109.0% a me 110.9%. No ka matrix o nā laʻana o ka ea, ʻo ka ME he 196.1%.

ʻO nā pae o AQ i ka wā o ka hana kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo
Me ka manaʻo e ʻike i nā hopena o nā kumu wela like ʻole i ke kī a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ua māhele ʻia kahi pūʻulu o nā lau hou i ʻelua pūʻulu kikoʻī a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ʻelua mau papa hana hoʻoponopono i ka ʻoihana like. Hoʻolako ʻia kekahi hui i ka uila, a ʻo kekahi me ka lanahu.

E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 3, ʻo ka pae AQ me ka uila e like me ke kumu wela mai 0.008 a 0.013 mg/kg. I ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o nā lau kī i hana ʻia i loko o ka ipuhao me ka wela kiʻekiʻe i hoʻonui i ka 9.5% o ka AQ. A laila, mau ke kiʻekiʻe o AQ i ka wā o ka ʻōwili ʻana me ka nalo ʻana o ka wai, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole pili nā kaʻina kino i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka AQ i ka hana kī. Ma hope o nā ʻanuʻu maloʻo mua, piʻi iki ka pae AQ mai 0.010 a i 0.012 mg/kg, a laila hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana i 0.013 mg/kg a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka maloʻo hou. ʻO nā PF, ka mea i hōʻike nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu, ʻo ia ka 1.10, 1.03, 1.24, 1.08 i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ka ʻōwili ʻana, ka hoʻomaloʻo mua a me ka hoʻomaloʻo hou ʻana. ʻO nā hopena o nā PF i manaʻo ʻia he hopena liʻiliʻi ka hana ma lalo o ka ikehu uila i nā pae o AQ i ke kī.

Kiʻi 3. ʻO ka pae AQ i ka wā e hana ai ke kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka uila a me ka lanahu i kumu wela.
I ka hihia o ka lanahu ma ke kumu wela, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻike AQ i ka wā o ka hana kī, e piʻi ana mai 0.008 a 0.038 mg/kg. Ua hoʻonuiʻia ka 338.9% AQ i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono, hiki i ka 0.037 mg / kg, iʻoi aku ma mua o ka MRL o 0.02 mg / kg i hoʻonohonohoʻia e ka European Union. I ka wā o ka holo ʻana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o AQ e 5.8% ʻoiai ua mamao loa mai ka mīkini hoʻoponopono. I ka hoʻomaloʻo mua ʻana a me ka hoʻomaloʻo hou ʻana, piʻi liʻiliʻi a emi iki ka ʻike AQ. ʻO nā PF e hoʻohana ana i ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he kumu wela i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ka ʻōwili mua ʻana a me ka hoʻomaloʻo hou ʻana he 4.39, 1.05, 0.93, a me 1.05.

No ka hoʻoholo hou ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka puhi lanahu a me ka pollution AQ, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea ea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia (PM) i ka ea ma lalo o nā kumu wela ʻelua no ka loiloi ea, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 4. ʻO ka pae AQ o nā PMs me ka lanahu e like me ʻO ke kumu wela he 2.98 μg / m3,ʻoi aku ma luna oʻekolu manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kēlā me ka uila 0.91 μg / m3.

Kiʻi 4. Nā pae o AQ i loko o ke kaiapuni me ka uila a me ka lanahu ke kumu wela. * Hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā pae AQ i nā laʻana (p <0.05).

ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe o AQ i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke kī oolong ʻO ke kī ʻo Oolong, i hana nui ʻia ma Fujian a me Taiwan, he ʻano kīʻaha hapa fermented. No ka hoʻoholo hou ʻana i nā ʻanuʻu nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae AQ a me nā hopena o nā wahie like ʻole, ua hana ʻia ka pūʻulu like o nā lau hou i kī oolong me ka lanahu a me ke kinoea kūlohelohe-electric hybrid i kumu wela, i ka manawa like. Hōʻike ʻia nā pae AQ i ka hana kī oolong me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu wela like ʻole ma ka Fig. me ka uila.

Kiʻi 5. ʻO ka pae AQ i ka hana kī oolong me ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-eleka maoli a me ka lanahu i kumu wela.

Me ka lanahu ke kumu wela, ʻo nā pae AQ i nā ʻanuʻu mua ʻelua, ka maloʻo a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ua like loa me ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea me ka uila. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kaʻina hana ma hope a hiki i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i hōʻike ʻia i ke ākea ākea, a ma ia manawa ua piʻi ka pae AQ mai 0.004 a i 0.023 mg/kg. Ua emi ka pae i ka 0.018 mg/kg, ma muli paha o ka nalo ʻana o ka wai kī e lawe ana i kekahi o nā mea haumia AQ. Ma hope o ka ʻōwili ʻana, piʻi ka pae i ka pae maloʻo i 0.027 mg / kg. Ma ka maloʻo, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ka ʻōwili ʻana a me ka maloʻo ʻana, ʻo nā PF he 2.81, 1.32, 5.66, 0.78, a me 1.50.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o AQ i nā huahana kī me nā kumu wela like ʻole

No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hopena i ka ʻike AQ o ke kī me nā kumu wela like ʻole, 40 mau ʻāpana kī mai nā hale hana kī e hoʻohana ana i ka uila a i ʻole ka lanahu e like me nā kumu wela, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 2. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uila i kumu wela, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lanahu. ʻO ka helu kiʻekiʻe (85.0%) me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka AQ he 0.064 mg/kg, e hōʻike ana he maʻalahi ke kumu o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o AQ e nā mahu i hana ʻia e ka puhi lanahu, a ua ʻike ʻia he 35,0% i nā laʻana o ka lanahu. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo ka uila ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka nui o ka helu ʻana o 56.4% a me 7.7%, me ka nui o ka ʻike he 0.020 mg/kg.

HOOLAHA

Ma muli o nā PF i ka wā o ka hana ʻana me nā ʻano kumu wela ʻelua, ua maopopo ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ka hana nui i alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae AQ i ka hana kī me ka lanahu a me ka hana ʻana ma lalo o ka ikehu uila he hopena iki i ka ʻike o AQ. i ke kī. I ka wā o ka hana kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ua hoʻohua nui ka puhi lanahu i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kaʻina hana hoʻomehana uila, e hōʻike ana paha ʻo ka uahi ke kumu nui o nā mea haumia AQ mai ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā ʻōpuʻu kī koke i ka hana kī, e like me ke kaʻina hana ʻike nā laʻana o ka barbecue puhi [25]. ʻO ka piʻi iki ʻana o ka maʻiʻo AQ i ka wā o ka ʻōwili ʻana i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia wale nā ​​ʻehu i hana ʻia e ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka lanahu i ka pae AQ i ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, akā i loko o ke kaʻina hana ma muli o ka waiho ʻana o ka lewa. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he kumu wela i ka hoʻomaloʻo mua ʻana a me ka hoʻomaloʻo hou ʻana, akā ma kēia mau ʻanuʻu ʻelua ua piʻi iki ka ʻike AQ. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka mea maloʻo makani wela i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ke kī mai ka uahi i hana ʻia e ka puhi lanahu[26]. I mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke kumu hoʻohaumia, ua kālailai ʻia nā pae AQ i ka lewa, a ua loaʻa i kahi ākea nui ma waena o nā papa hana ʻelua. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia, ʻo ka lanahu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ka hoʻomaloʻo mua ʻana a me ka hoʻomaloʻo hou ʻana e hoʻohua ai i ka AQ i ka wā hoʻopau ʻole. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau AQ i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā mea paʻa ma hope o ka puhi ʻana o ka lanahu a hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka lewa, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ana i nā pae o ka pollution AQ i loko o ka hale hana [15]. Ma hope o ka manawa, ma muli o ka nui kiko'ī kiko'ī a me ka adsorption hiki o ke kī, kēia mau particulates a laila noho ma luna o ka ili o ke kī lau, ka hopena i ka mahuahua o AQ i ka hana. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka puhi lanahu ke ala nui e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o AQ i ka hana kī, a ʻo ka uahi ke kumu o ka haumia.

No ka hana kī oolong, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka AQ ma lalo o ka hana ʻana me nā kumu wela ʻelua, akā nui ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kumu wela ʻelua. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā hopena i ka hana nui o ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he kumu wela i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae AQ, a ua manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma ke ʻano nui no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka AQ contamination i ka hana kī oolong e pili ana i nā PF. I ka wā o ka hana kī oolong me ke kinoea-electric hybrid ma ke ʻano he kumu wela, ua stagnate ke ʻano o ka pae AQ ma lalo o 0.005 mg/kg, ʻo ia ka mea like me ka kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka uila, e hōʻike ana i kēlā ikehu maʻemaʻe, e like me ka uila a me ke kūlohelohe. kinoea, hiki ke hoemi i ka pilikia o ka hana ana i na mea poke AQ mai ka hana ana.

No nā hoʻāʻo laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana o ka haumia AQ i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he kumu wela ma mua o ka uila, ʻo ia paha ke kumu o ka puhi ʻana o ka lanahu e pili ana me nā lau kī a hoʻomau a puni ka wahi hana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ʻo ka uila ke kumu wela maʻemaʻe loa i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ke kī, aia nō ka mea haumia AQ i nā huahana kī e hoʻohana ana i ka uila ma ke kumu wela. Ua like iki ke kūlana me ka hana i paʻi ʻia ma mua kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai ka hopena o nā 2-alkenals me nā hydroquinones a me benzoquinones ma ke ʻano he ala kemika kūpono [23], e noiʻi ʻia nā kumu no kēia ma ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana.

OLELO HOOLAHA

Ma kēia hana, ua hōʻoia ʻia nā kumu kumu o ka pollution AQ i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ke kī oolong e nā hoʻokolohua hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i nā ʻano analytical GC-MS/MS i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia. Ua kākoʻo pololei kā mākou mau ʻike ʻana ʻo ke kumu haumia nui o nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka AQ ʻo ka hū ma muli o ka puhi ʻana, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻopilikia wale i nā kaʻina hana akā pili pū kekahi i nā kaiapuni hale hana. ʻAʻole like me ka ʻōwili a me ka maloʻo, kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai nā loli o ke kiʻekiʻe o AQ, ʻo nā ʻanuʻu me ke komo pono ʻana o ka lanahu a me ka wahie, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana nui i piʻi ai ka haumia AQ ma muli o ka nui o ka pilina ma waena o ke kī. a me ka uahi i kēia mau pae. No laila, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā wahie maʻemaʻe e like me ke kinoea maoli a me ka uila e like me ke kumu wela i ka hana kī. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā hopena hoʻokolohua i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā uahi i hana ʻia e ka puhi ʻana, aia kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe e kōkua ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka AQ i ka wā o ka hana kī, ʻoiai ua nānā ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o AQ i loko o ka hale hana me nā wahie maʻemaʻe, pono e noiʻi hou ʻia. i ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana.

NA MEA A ME ANO

Reagents, kemika a me nā mea

Ua kūʻai ʻia ka maʻamau Anthraquinone (99.0%) mai Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH Company (Augsburg, Kelemānia). Ua kūʻai ʻia ka D8-Anthraquinone maʻamau maʻamau (98.6%) mai C/D/N Isotopes (Quebec, Canada). Anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) a me ka magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (Shanghai, Kina). Ua hoʻolako ʻia ʻo Florisil e Wenzhou Organic Chemical Company (Wenzhou, Kina). Ua kūʻai ʻia ka pepa fiber mirror-glass (90 mm) mai ka hui ʻo Ahlstrom-munksjö (Helsinki, Finland).

Hoʻomākaukau laʻana

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ʻōwili ʻia, hoʻomaloʻo mua a hoʻomaloʻo hou ʻia (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako i hoʻopaʻa ʻia), ʻoiai ua hana ʻia nā laʻana kī oolong me ka maloʻo, hana ʻia ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo (hauʻoli a kū i nā lau hou a ʻokoʻa), hoʻoponopono, ʻōwili ʻia, a hoʻomaloʻo. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā laʻana mai kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu i ʻekolu manawa ma 100g ma hope o ka hui ʻana. Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana a pau ma −20 °C no ka nānā hou ʻana.

Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻano ea e ka pepa aniani fiber (90 mm) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā samplers volume medium (PTS-100, Qingdao Laoshan Electronic Instrument Company, Qingdao, Kina) [27], e holo ana ma 100 L / min no 4 h.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike paʻa me AQ ma 0.005 mg/kg, 0.010 mg/kg, 0.020 mg/kg no nā kī kī hou, ma 0.005 mg/kg, 0.020 mg/kg, 0.050 mg/kg no ke kī maloʻo a ma 0.012 mg/kg. (0.5 µg/m3 no ka la'ana ea), 0.036 mg/kg (1.5 µg/m3 no ka ea smaple), 0.072 mg/kg (3.0 µg/m3 no ka la'ana ea) no ka pepa kānana aniani. Ma hope o ka lulu ʻana, waiho ʻia nā laʻana a pau no 12 mau hola, a ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

Loaʻa ka maʻi ma muli o ka lawe ʻana i 20 g o ka hāpana ma hope o ka hui ʻana i kēlā me kēia kaʻina, hoʻomehana ma 105 ° C no 1 h, a laila kaupaona a hana hou i ʻekolu manawa a lawe i ka waiwai awelika a puʻunaue i ke kaumaha ma mua o ka hoʻomehana ʻana.

Laʻana unuhi a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe

ʻO ka laʻana kī: Ua hana ʻia ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o AQ mai nā laʻana kī ma muli o ke ʻano i paʻi ʻia mai Wang et al. me kekahi mau hoʻololi[21]. ʻO ka pōkole, 1.5 g o nā kīʻaha kī i hui mua ʻia me 30 μL D8-AQ (2 mg / kg) a waiho ʻia e kū no 30 min, a laila hui maikaʻi me 1.5 mL wai deionized a waiho ʻia e kū no 30 min. 15 mL 20% acetone i ka n-hexane i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻano kī a sonicated no 15 min. A laila ua vortexed nā laʻana me 1.0 g MgSO4 no 30 s, a centrifuged no 5 min, ma 11,000 rpm. Ma hope o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana i 100 mL o nā ipu ʻano pear, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka 10 mL o ka māhele organik luna a aneane maloʻo ma lalo o ka momi ma 37 °C. 5 mL 2.5% acetone i loko o ka n-hexane i hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia i ka extract i loko o nā ipu ʻano peaar no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Aia ke kolamu aniani (10 knm × 0.8 knm) mai lalo a luna o ka huluhulu aniani a me 2g florisil, aia ma waena o ʻelua papa o 2 knm Na2SO4. A laila 5 mL o 2.5% acetone ma n-hexane i holoi mua i ke kolamu. Ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka hopena i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo AQ i ʻekolu manawa me 5 mL, 10 mL, 10 mL o 2.5% acetone i loko o ka n-hexane. Ua hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻeluates i hui ʻia i loko o nā ipu ʻano peaar a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a aneane maloʻo ma lalo o ka ʻūhā ma 37 °C. Hoʻohui hou ʻia ke koena maloʻo me 1 mL o 2.5% acetone i loko o ka hexane a ukali ʻia e ka kānana ma o kahi kānana nui pore 0.22 µm. A laila ua hui ʻia ka hopena i hoʻohui ʻia me ka acetonitrile ma kahi ratio o 1: 1. Ma hope o ka lulu ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka subnatant no ka loiloi GC-MS/MS.

Ea hāpana: Hapalua o ka pepa puluniu, dripped me 18 μL d8-AQ (2 mg / kg), ua hoʻokomo 'ia i loko o 15 mL o 20% acetone ma n-hexane, a laila sonicated no 15 min. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka māhele organik e ka centrifugation ma 11,000 rpm no 5 min a ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka papa luna holoʻokoʻa i loko o kahi pahu pear. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻano mea ola a pau i kahi maloʻo ma lalo o ka momi ma 37 °C. 5 mL o 2.5% acetone i ka hexane redissolved i ka extracts no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma ke ala like i loko o nā laʻana kī.

Kānāwai GC-MS/MS

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Varian 450 gas chromatograph me Varian 300 tandem mass detector (Varian, Walnut Creek, CA, USA) no ka hana ʻana i ka loiloi AQ me ka polokalamu MS WorkStation version 6.9.3. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Varian Factor ʻEhā kolamu capillary VF-5ms (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) no ka hoʻokaʻawale chromatographic. ʻO ke kinoea halihali, helium (> 99.999%), ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kahi kahe kahe mau o 1.0 mL / min me ke kinoea collision o Argon (> 99.999%). Hoʻomaka ka mahana o ka umu mai 80 ° C a paʻa no 1 min; hoʻonui i ka 15 ° C / min i 240 ° C, a laila hiki i 260 ° C ma 20 ° C / min a paʻa no 5min. ʻO ka mahana o ke kumu ion he 210 °C, a me ka mahana o ka laina hoʻololi o 280 °C. ʻO ka nui o ka injection he 1.0 μL. Hōʻike ʻia nā kūlana MRM ma ka Papa 3.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Agilent 8890 gas chromatograph me ka Agilent 7000D triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent, Stevens Creek, CA, USA) no ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ka polokalamu MassHunter version 10.1. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Agilent J&W HP-5ms GC Column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) no ka hoʻokaʻawale chromatographic. ʻO ke kinoea halihali, Helium (> 99.999%), ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kahi kahe kahe mau o 2.25 mL/min me ke kinoea collision o Nitrogen (> 99.999%). Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mahana o ka punawai ion EI ma 280 °C, e like me ka wela o ka laina hoʻoili. Hoʻomaka ka mahana o ka umu mai 80 ° C a mālama ʻia no 5 min; piʻi ʻia e 15 °C / min i 240 °C, a laila hiki i 280 °C ma 25 °C / min a mālama ʻia no 5 min. Hōʻike ʻia nā kūlana MRM ma ka Papa 3.

Ka helu helu
Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka maʻiʻo AQ o nā lau hou i mea maloʻo ma o ka puʻunaue ʻana me ka makū i mea e hoʻohālikelike ai a nānā i nā pae AQ i ka wā e hana ai.

Ua loiloi ʻia nā hoʻololi o AQ i nā laʻana kī me ka polokalamu Microsoft Excel a me IBM SPSS Statistics 20.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hana e wehewehe i nā loli i ka AQ i ka wā o ka hana kī. PF = Rl/Rf, kahi o Rf ka pae AQ ma mua o ka pae hana a me Rl ka pae AQ ma hope o ka pae hana. Hōʻike ka PF i ka emi ʻana (PF <1) a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana (PF > 1) i ke koena AQ i ka wā o kahi kaʻina hana kikoʻī.

Hōʻike ʻo ME i ka emi ʻana (ME <1) a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana (ME > 1) i ka pane ʻana i nā mea hana analytical, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ratio o nā pali o ka calibration i ka matrix a me ka solvent penei:

ME = (slopematrix/slopesolvent − 1) × 100%

Ma kahi o ka slopematrix ka pali o ka pihi ho'olikelike i loko o ka mea ho'ohehe'e like 'ole, 'o ka slopesolvent ka slope o ka pihi ho'oponopono i ka solvent.

HOALOHALOHA
Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e Science and Technology Major Project ma Zhejiang Province (2015C12001) a me National Science Foundation of China (42007354).
Ka paio o ka hoihoi
Hōʻike nā mea kākau ʻaʻohe o lākou manaʻo paio.
Nā kuleana a me nā ʻae
Kuleana kope: © 2022 na ka mea kākau. ʻO ka mea nona ka laikini kūʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hale paʻi, Fayetteville, GA. He ʻatikala hiki ke wehe ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma lalo o Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), kipa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
OLELO HOOLAHA
[1] ITC. 2021. Bulletin Annual of Statistics 2021. https://inttea.com/publication/
[2] Hicks A. 2001. Nānā i ka hana kī o ka honua a me ka hopena i ka ʻoihana o ke kūlana hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAsia. AU Journal of Technology 5
Google Scholar

[3] Katsuno T, Kasuga H, Kusano Y, Yaguchi Y, Tomomura M, et al. 2014. Characterization o odorant pūhui a me kā lākou biochemical hana i loko o ka 'ōmaʻomaʻo kī me ka haʻahaʻa wela kaʻina mālama. Kemika Meaʻai 148:388−95 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.069
CrossRef Google Scholar

[4] Chen Z, Ruan J, Cai D, Zhang L. 2007. ʻEkolu-Dimesion Pollution Chain in Tea Ecosystem and its Control. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 40:948−58
Google Scholar

[5] He H, Shi L, Yang G, You M, Vasseur L. 2020. ʻO ka loiloi pilikia o ka ʻāina o nā metala kaumaha lepo a me nā koena pesticide i loko o nā mahi kī. Mahiai 10:47 doi: 10.3390/mahiai10020047
CrossRef Google Scholar

[6] Jin C, He Y, Zhang K, Zhou G, Shi J, et al. 2005. Ke alakaʻi contamination i loko o nā lau kī a me nā mea non-edaphic e pili ana iā ia. Kemosphere 61:726−32 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.053
CrossRef Google Scholar

[7] Owuor PO, Obaga SO, Othieno CO. 1990. Nā hopena o ke kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka haku mele ʻeleʻele. Nūpepa o ka ʻEpekema o ka Meaʻai a me ka Mahiʻai 50:9−17 doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740500103
CrossRef Google Scholar

[8] Garcia Londoño VA, Reynoso M, Resnik S. 2014. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) i loko o ka yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) mai ka mākeke ʻAmelika. Mea hoʻohui meaʻai a me nā mea haumia: Māhele B 7:247−53 doi: 10.1080/19393210.2014.919963
CrossRef Google Scholar

[9] Ishizaki A, Saito K, Hanioka N, Narimatsu S, Kataoka H. 2010. Ka ho'oholo 'ana i ka polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons i loko o nā mea'ai mea'ai ma ka laina i loko o ka paipu pa'a microextraction hui 'ia me ka 'ike ki'eki'e o ka wai chromatography-fluorescence. . Nūpepa o Chromatography A 1217:5555−63 doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.068
CrossRef Google Scholar

[10] Phan Thi LA, Ngoc NT, Quynh NT, Thanh NV, Kim TT, a me al. 2020. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) i loko o nā lau kī maloʻo a me nā infusions kī ma Vietnam: nā pae contamination a me ka loiloi pilikia o ka meaʻai. Geochemistry a me ke ola kino 42:2853−63 doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00524-3
CrossRef Google Scholar

[11] Zelinkova Z, Wenzl T. 2015. ʻO ka hanana o 16 EPA PAH i ka meaʻai - He loiloi. Nā mea ʻala ʻala Polycyclic 35:248−84 doi: 10.1080/10406638.2014.918550
CrossRef Google Scholar

[12] Omodara NB, Olabemiwo OM, Adedosu TA . 2019. Hoʻohālikelike i nā PAH i hana ʻia i ka wahie a me ka lāʻau i puhi ʻia a me ka iʻa popoki. ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻEpekema Meaʻai a me ʻenehana 7:86−93 doi: 10.12691/ajfst-7-3-3
CrossRef Google Scholar

[13] Zou LY, Zhang W, Atkiston S. 2003. ʻO ke ʻano o ka polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions mai ke ahi ʻana i nā ʻano wahie like ʻole ma Australia. Polusi Kaiapuni 124:283−89 doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00460-8
CrossRef Google Scholar

[14] Charles GD, Bartels MJ, Zacharewski TR, Gollapudi BB, Freshour NL, et al. 2000. Ka hana a benzo [a] pyrene a me kāna mau metabolites hydroxylated i loko o ka estrogen receptor-α reporter gene assay. ʻEpekema Toxicological 55:320−26 doi: 10.1093/toxsci/55.2.320
CrossRef Google Scholar

[15] Han Y, Chen Y, Ahmad S, Feng Y, Zhang F, et al. 2018. ʻO nā ana i hoʻoholo ʻia i ka manawa kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o ka PM a me ka hui kemika mai ka puhi ʻana i ka lanahu: nā hopena no ke kaʻina hana EC. ʻEpekema Kaiapuni & ʻenehana 52:6676−85 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05786
CrossRef Google Scholar

[16] Khiadani (Hajian) M, Amin MM, Beik FM, Ebrahimi A, Farhadkhani M, et al. 2013. Ka ho'oholo 'ana o ka polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration i 'ewalu mau lama o ka 'ele'ele kī i ho'ohana 'ia ma Iran. Ka Nupepa Kaiapuni o ka 'Enekinia Ola Ola Kaiapuni 2:40 doi: 10.4103/2277-9183.122427
CrossRef Google Scholar

[17] Fitzpatrick EM, Ross AB, Bates J, Andrews G, Jones JM, et al. 2007. Ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano oxygenated mai ka puhi ʻana i ka lāʻau paina a me kona pili i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka soot. Kaʻina Hana Palekana a me ke Kaiapuni 85:430−40 doi: 10.1205/psep07020
CrossRef Google Scholar

[18] Shen G, Tao S, Wang W, Yang Y, Ding J, et al. 2011. Ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mai loko mai o ka puhi ʻana i ka wahie paʻa. ʻEpekema Kaiapuni & ʻenehana 45:3459−65 doi: 10.1021/es104364t
CrossRef Google Scholar

[19] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization. 2014. Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻenekini diesel a me ka ʻaila a me kekahi mau nitroarenes. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Hōʻike. 105:9
[20] de Oliveira Galvão MF, de Oliveira Alves N, Ferreira PA, Caumo S, de Castro Vasconcellos P, et al. 2018. Nā ʻāpana puhi biomass ma ka ʻāina ʻo Amazon Brazil: Nā hopena Mutagenic o ka nitro a me ka oxy-PAH a me ka loiloi o nā pilikia olakino. Polusi Kaiapuni 233:960−70 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.068
CrossRef Google Scholar

[21] Wang X, Zhou L, Luo F, Zhang X, Sun H, a me al. 2018. 9,10-Anthraquinone waiho i loko o kī kī paha kekahi o nā kumu no ka contamination i ke kī. Kemika Meaʻai 244:254−59 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.123
CrossRef Google Scholar

[22] ʻO Anggraini T, Neswati, Nanda RF, Syukri D. 2020. Ka ʻike ʻana o 9,10-anthraquinone contamination i ka wā o ka hana kī ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma Indonesia. Kemika Meaʻai 327:127092 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127092
CrossRef Google Scholar

[23] Zamora R, Hidalgo FJ. 2021. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā naphthoquinones a me nā anthraquinones e ka carbonyl-hydroquinone/benzoquinone reactions: He ala kūpono no ke kumu o 9,10-anthraquinone i ke kī. Kemika Meaʻai 354:129530 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129530
CrossRef Google Scholar

[24] ʻO Yang M, Luo F, Zhang X, Wang X, Sun H, a me al. 2022. Ka lawe ʻana, ka unuhi ʻana, a me ka metabolism o ka anthracene i nā mea kanu kī. ʻEpekema o ke Kaiapuni Hui Pū ʻIa 821:152905 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152905
CrossRef Google Scholar

[25] Zastrow L, Schwind KH, Schwägele F, Speer K. 2019. Ka hopena o ka puhi paka a me ka barbecuing i loko o ka anthraquinone (ATQ) a me ka polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) i loko o Frankfurter-type sausages. Ka Nupepa o ka Mahiai a me ka Meaʻai Kemika 67:13998−4004 doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03316
CrossRef Google Scholar

[26] Fouillaud M, Caro Y, Venkatachalam M, Grondin I, Dufossé L. 2018. Anthraquinones. In Phenolic Compounds in Food: Characterization and Analysis, eds. Leo ML.Vol. 9. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 130−70 https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01657104
[27] Piñeiro-Iglesias M, López-Mahı́a P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodrı́guez D, Querol X, et al. 2003. He ala hou no ka hoʻoholo like ʻana o ka PAH a me nā metala i loko o nā laʻana o nā mea ʻāpana lewa. Kaiapuni Lewa 37:4171−75 doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00523-5
CrossRef Google Scholar

E pili ana i kēia ʻatikala
E haʻi i kēia ʻatikala
Yu J, Zhou L, Wang X, Yang M, Sun H, a me al. 2022. 9,10-Anthraquinone contamination i ka hana kī e hoʻohana ana i ka lanahu e like me ke kumu wela. Noiʻi mea kanu inu 2: 8 doi: 10.48130/BPR-2022-0008